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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-2106</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9100</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">108935</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/medjrf108935</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Medical laboratory staff labor cost analysis and modeling for SARS-CoV-2 RNA PCR-testing: A time-and-motion study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ и моделирование трудозатрат персонала медицинской лаборатории при осуществлении ПЦР-тестирования на РНК SARS-CoV-2: фотохронометражное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4684-8440</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9269-9284</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivoylov</surname><given-names>Oleg O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивойлов</surname><given-names>Олегович Олег</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), assistant lecturer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., ассистент кафедры</p></bio><email>kbld@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3632-291X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3370-2093</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kochetov</surname><given-names>Anatoly G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кочетов</surname><given-names>Анатолий Глебович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>ag_kochetov@dpo-ilm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7422-7476</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7872-8803</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mininkova</surname><given-names>Anna I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мининкова</surname><given-names>Анна Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), assistant professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., доцент кафедры</p></bio><email>koann@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">People's Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute of Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральный НИИ стоматологии и челюстно-лицевой хирургии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Medical and Rehabilitation Center «Izumrud»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Лечебно-реабилитационный центр «Изумруд»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Laboratory Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт лабораторной медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Multidisciplinary Medical Center of the Bank of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Многопрофильный медицинский центр Банка России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff7"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-08-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>103</fpage><lpage>117</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-06-22"><day>22</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-06-24"><day>24</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Ivoylov O.O., Kochetov A.G., Mininkova A.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Ивойлов О.О., Кочетов А.Г., Мининкова А.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivoylov O.O., Kochetov A.G., Mininkova A.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ивойлов О.О., Кочетов А.Г., Мининкова А.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-08-15"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/108935">https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/108935</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND:</italic></bold> Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the main method for detecting the viral agent of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). This analysis is performed in a non-automated mode in many medical laboratories, which implies a significant labor intensity of a test. However, its magnitude, as well as the workload on staff in the context of variability in testing volumes, has not yet been quantified due to the lack of systematic approaches to studying the labor costs of laboratory staff.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM:</italic></bold> This study aimed to investigate the structure and magnitude of the labor cost components of laboratory staff when performing manual PCR for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ribonucleic acid (RNA) and obtain stratified data that characterize the labor intensity of the testing, which are suitable for workload modeling.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</italic></bold> The study of the labor costs (as labor time) of the PCR laboratory staff was conducted based on the Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory of the Multidisciplinary Medical Center of the Bank of Russia using a time-and-motion study methodology. Hence, the author’s method for researching the labor costs of medical laboratory staff was applied.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS:</italic></bold> The lists of standard manipulations of the time-studied labor process were formed workplaces, the manipulations were classified according to the labor cost components, and the duration of each component was statistically determined. The labor intensity per test under current working conditions was 110.2 s for the «reception and registration», 144.6 s for «RNA extraction», and 79.4 s for «reaction mixture preparation/amplification» workplaces. The workload magnitude for the personnel of these workplaces corresponded to 47%, 62%, and 34% of a lab specialist’s annual working rate budget. The stratification of labor costs into fixed and variable allowed us to model the workload depending on the change in the testing volume and the number of analytical runs, as well as develop nomograms for the annual total labor time calculation.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION:</italic></bold> The proposed approach to labor cost accounting and analysis makes it possible to obtain suitable stratified data for modeling the workload of personnel during manual PCR-testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The developed nomograms based on them can serve the purposes of planning the laboratory work and increasing its efficiency by choosing the optimal schemes for organizing the labor process. The obtained data can be used in other laboratories that perform real-time PCR tests for molecular genetic markers.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование.</italic></bold> Полимеразная цепная реакция (ПЦР) с обратной транскрипцией является основным методом выявления возбудителя COVID-19. Во многих медицинских лабораториях этот анализ выполняется в неавтоматизированном режиме, что подразумевает существенную трудоемкость исследования. Однако её величина, равно как и нагрузка на персонал, при вариабельном потоке исследований до сих пор количественно не оценена вследствие отсутствия систематизированных подходов к изучению трудозатрат сотрудников лаборатории.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель</italic></bold> — произвести анализ структуры и величины компонентов трудозатрат персонала медицинской лаборатории при выполнении ручной постановки ПЦР на РНК SARS-CoV-2 и получение характеризующих трудоёмкость исследования стратифицированных данных, пригодных для моделирования рабочей нагрузки.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материалы и методы.</italic></bold> Исследование трудозатрат рабочих мест персонала ПЦР-лаборатории проведено на базе клинико-диагностической лаборатории Многопрофильного медицинского центра Банка России (Москва) методом фотохронометража. Для решения задачи применена авторская методика исследования трудозатрат персонала медицинской лаборатории.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты. </italic></bold>Сформированы перечни стандартных манипуляций трудового процесса хронометрируемых рабочих мест, выполнена их классификация по компонентам трудозатрат и статистически определена продолжительность каждой из них. Трудоемкость 1 лабораторного исследования в текущих условиях работы составила для рабочего места «приема и регистрации» 110,2 с, места «выделения нуклеиновых кислот» — 144,6 с, места «внесения реакционной смеси / амплификации» — 79,4 с. Величина нагрузки для персонала этих рабочих мест определена как 47, 62 и 34% годового бюджета времени полной ставки соответственно. Стратификация трудозатрат на постоянные и переменные позволила осуществить моделирование нагрузки в зависимости от изменения потока исследований и числа проводимых аналитических серий, а также разработать номограммы для расчёта общих трудозатрат.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение.</italic></bold> Предложенный подход к учёту и анализу трудозатрат позволяет получать стратифицированные данные, пригодные для моделирования нагрузки на персонал при ручном выполнении ПЦР-исследований на РНК SARS-CoV-2. Разработанные на их основании номограммы могут служить целям планирования работы лаборатории и повышения её эффективности путём выбора оптимальных схем организации трудового процесса. Полученные данные возможно использовать в других лабораториях, выполняющих исследования на молекулярно-генетические маркёры методом ПЦР в режиме реального времени.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>laboratory</kwd><kwd>PCR</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>labor rationing</kwd><kwd>time-and-motion study</kwd><kwd>costs</kwd><kwd>workload</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лаборатория</kwd><kwd>полимеразная цепная реакция</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>нормирование труда</kwd><kwd>хронометраж</kwd><kwd>затраты</kwd><kwd>нагрузка</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abduljalil JM. Laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2: available approaches and limitations. New Microbes New Infect. 2020;36:100713. doi: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100713</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abduljalil J.M. 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