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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-2106</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9100</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">629062</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/medjrf629062</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Scientific rationale for the indicators of biological urine monitoring in adolescents in Kazan City</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Определение референcных значений приоритетных химических загрязнителей в моче подростков города Казани</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4698-7738</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9673-4824</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gizatullina</surname><given-names>Daniia Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гизатуллина</surname><given-names>Дания Зуфаровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dzgizatullina@stud.kpfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5756-9491</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akberov</surname><given-names>Daniar R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акберов</surname><given-names>Данияр Рашидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>adanik2007@yandex.ru.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8026-5173</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gazieva</surname><given-names>Tansu I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Газиева</surname><given-names>Тансу Ильнуровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tansu8888@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8683-6241</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3040-2258</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valeeva</surname><given-names>Emiliya R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валеева</surname><given-names>Эмилия Рамзиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), associate professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>ERValeeva@kpfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2889-3109</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3531-0262</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanova</surname><given-names>Natalya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанова</surname><given-names>Наталья Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), associate professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>NaVStepanova@kpfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-06-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-07-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>228</fpage><lpage>237</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-03-14"><day>14</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-05-15"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-07-10"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/629062">https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/629062</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: Biomonitoring is crucial for assessing the level of pollution in a population, identifying risks and studying the impact of changes in technology. Knowledge of the reference values of trace elements in biological material is critical in comparing exposed with non-exposed groups and accurate. The control values of trace elements are crucial for ensuring public health and occupational safety.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold>: To study and analyze concentrations of priority chemical pollutants in the urine of adolescents aged 14–17 years in three zones in Kazan City and determine reference values for this age group.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS</bold>: The concentration of elements in urine of 276 adolescents aged 14–17 years was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: The upper 95 percentiles and their confidence intervals (RV95) were determined, which established the upper limit of the current background exposure to adolescents for 12 biomarkers, interpreted as “conditional” reference values for this age group. The following reference values for adolescents in Kazan City were obtained: Al, 12.80 µg/L; Cr, 1.02 µg/L; Mn, 3.53 µg/L; Hg, 0.65 µg/L; Cu, 110.91 µg/L, and Ni, 8.72 µg/L. In adolescents, the highest level of exceedance over background values was observed in zones 1 and 2 (Kirovsky and Privolzhsky Districts): Al exceeded by 1.4 times, Cr by 1.3 times in zone 1 (Kirovsky District), Mn by 1.5 times, Hg by 1.3 times, and Cu by 1.14 times in zone 2 (Privolzhsky district).The results are of interest for further analysis and identification of interrelations in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, where exposure levels may vary between regions or separate subgroups living in the same territory.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold>: Research in the field of biomonitoring in Kazan established the levels of exposure to toxic elements among the studied population and provided means for comparing exposure for further research by population groups by age, sex, and ethnicity. Moreover, biomonitoring results can be used to determine research priorities, measure exposure trends over time, and verify effectiveness of individual measures to combat pollution and other measures in the field of the environment and public health. The study presents modern technologies for assessing exposure to chemical pollutants using human biomonitoring methods and demonstrates its advantages.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Биомониторинг является важным инструментом для определения уровня загрязнения в популяции и оценки экологической ситуации на отдельных территориях города. Знание референсных значений микроэлементов в биологическом материале необходимо для сравнения экспонированных и неэкспонированных групп, а точные контрольные значения микроэлементов важны для обеспечения здоровья населения и безопасности труда.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — изучение и анализ концентраций приоритетных химических загрязнителей в моче подростков в возрасте 14–17 лет в трёх зонах г. Казани с целью определения референсных значений для данной возрастной популяции.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Концентрации элементов в моче были измерены методом масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой у 276 подростков 14–17 лет.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Выявлены верхние 95-е перцентили (RV95) и 95% доверительные интервалы, определяющие верхний предел текущего фонового воздействия на подростков по 12 биомаркёрам, которые мы можем интерпретировать как «условные» референсные значения для данной возрастной популяции. Референсные значения для подростков г. Казани составили для Al — 12,80 мкг/л, Cr — 1,02 мкг/л, Mn — 3,53 мкг/л, Hg — 0,65 мкг/л, Cu — 110,91 мкг/л, Ni — 8,72 мкг/л. Наибольший уровень превышения показателей над фоновыми значениями определяется в 1-й и 2-й зоне (Кировский и Приволжский районы): Al — в 1,4 раза, Cr — в 1,3 раза в 1-й зоне (Кировский район); Mn — в 1,5 раза, Hg — в 1,3 раза, Cu — в 1,14 раза во 2-й зоне (Приволжский район). Полученные результаты представляют интерес для дальнейшего исследования по выявлению взаимосвязей на территории Республики Татарстан и в целом для Российской Федерации, где уровни экспозиции могут различаться между регионами или у отдельных подгрупп населения, проживающих на одной территории.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Исследования в области биомониторинга химических загрязнителей в моче подростков в возрасте 14–17 лет г. Казани позволили установить уровни воздействия токсичных элементов среди исследуемой популяции и предоставить возможность сравнения экспозиции для дальнейших исследований по группам населения, возрасту, полу, этнической принадлежности. Результаты биомониторинга также могут использоваться для определения приоритетов исследований, для измерения тенденций воздействия в течение времени и для проверки эффективности отдельных мер по снижению загрязнения и других мероприятий в области окружающей среды и здоровья населения. В статье представлены современные технологии оценки экспозиции к химическим загрязнителям с использованием методов биомониторинга человека, а также показаны его преимущества.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>biomonitoring</kwd><kwd>reference values</kwd><kwd>heavy metals</kwd><kwd>trace elements</kwd><kwd>adolescent health</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>биомониторинг человека</kwd><kwd>референсные значения</kwd><kwd>тяжёлые металлы</kwd><kwd>микроэлементы</kwd><kwd>здоровье подростков</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский федеральный университет</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Federal University</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fuller R, Rahona E, Fisher S, et al. 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