<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-2106</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9100</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">643069</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/medjrf643069</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">XWLFIQ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical and ultrasound characteristics of post-amputation neuromas in patients with traumatic amputations</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клинико-ультразвуковые характеристики постампутационных невром у пациентов с травматическими ампутациями конечностей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7180-4389</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1626-8400</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bulatov</surname><given-names>Albert R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Булатов</surname><given-names>Альберт Ренатович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>albert_br@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8988-3011</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6112-2792</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Litvinenko</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвиненко</surname><given-names>Игорь Вячеславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>litvinenkoiv@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6722-1427</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1988-4155</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolesnik</surname><given-names>Tatyana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колесник</surname><given-names>Татьяна Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>taniakolesnik061@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-2242</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1006-2845</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsygan</surname><given-names>Nikolay V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыган</surname><given-names>Николай Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>1860n@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5035-9327</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7350-9798</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinelnikova</surname><given-names>Irina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синельникова</surname><given-names>Ирина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sinelnikova_is@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7314-7711</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1155-9732</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Odinak</surname><given-names>Miroslav M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Одинак</surname><given-names>Мирослав Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН</p></bio><email>odinak@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3756-6214</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6439-6701</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolomentsev</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коломенцев</surname><given-names>Сергей Витальевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>skolomencev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7771-2229</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Polezhaev</surname><given-names>Peter A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полежаев</surname><given-names>Петр Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>polezhaev76@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Military Medical Academy of S.M. Kirov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="kk"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="pt"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Military Medical Academy of S.M. Kirov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>527</fpage><lpage>535</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-02"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-03"><day>03</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-12-31"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/643069">https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/643069</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>This study is relevant due to the high prevalence of blast injuries and limb amputations in combat zones and areas affected by terrorism. Post-amputation neuromas are among the most common and severe complications of limb amputation, as they can cause marked pain, sensory and motor impairments, and significantly reduce the quality of life. Ultrasound imaging is used for timely and accurate diagnosis of post-amputation neuromas, particularly for evaluating their clinical and ultrasound characteristics. This enables selection of the most effective treatment and preventive strategies.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>This study aimed to determine the clinical and imaging characteristics of nerve trunks after limb amputation, as well as to identify the structural features of post-amputation neuromas.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A premium-class portable Viamo ultrasound scanner (Canon/Toshiba, Japan) was used with a 58-mm linear transducer (frequency range 5–12 MHz). Ultrasound examinations were performed without preparation and included B-mode scanning in longitudinal and transverse planes, with color coded Doppler flow mapping. The nerves of the injured limb and the intact limb were examined. Peripheral limb nerves were examined using a standard ultrasound protocol. The study parameters included nerve trunk contour integrity, echostructure, and echogenicity; trunk size and shape; the presence of a terminal neuroma, its shape, longitudinal dimension, diameter, and cross-sectional area; and the distance from the neuroma to the distal end of the stump. Standard ultrasound software was used for image processing and measurements.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Post-amputation neuromas were detected in at least one nerve in 38 of 40 patients. A total of 53 neuromas were identified in 45 post-amputation stumps. In 12 patients, two or more neuromas were identified in the proximal portion of the amputated limb. We evaluated changes in echogenicity and echostructure of the proximal nerve segments in amputated limbs, regardless of the size of the affected area.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Ultrasound imaging of peripheral nerves is a valuable diagnostic tool that quickly evaluates the condition of the nerve trunk and its clinical and morphological characteristics, and it does not require special patient preparation. Ultrasound imaging may also be used to prevent phantom limb syndrome after amputation and to evaluate stump deformity when designing prosthetics.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Актуальность исследования обусловлена высокой распространённостью минно-взрывных травм и ампутаций конечностей в зонах боевых действий и террористической активности. Формирование постампутационных невром является одним из наиболее частых и тяжёлых осложнений после ампутаций конечностей, поскольку они могут вызывать выраженный болевой синдром, нарушения чувствительности и двигательной функции, значительно снижая качество жизни пациентов. Для своевременной и точной диагностики, в частности для изучения клинико-ультразвуковых характеристик постампутационных невром, с целью выбора оптимальной тактики лечения и профилактики осложнений используют ультразвуковое исследование.</p> <p><bold>Цель. </bold>Определить клинико-инструментальные характеристики нервных стволов после ампутации конечности и выявить особенности структуры постампутационных невром.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Исследования проводили на портативном ультразвуковом сканере премиум-класса Viamo производства Canon (Toshiba), Япония с использованием линейного датчика (диапазон частот 5–12 МГц, 58 мм). Ультразвуковое исследование проходило без подготовки и включало в себя сканирование в продольной и поперечной плоскостях, в В-режиме, с цветовым допплеровским картированием. Исследовали нервы повреждённой ампутированной конечности и интактной. Эхографическую картину периферических нервов конечностей оценивали по стандартной методике. Изучали такие параметры, как целостность контура, эхоструктура и эхогенность нервного ствола, а также его размеры и форма, наличие концевой невромы, её форма, продольный размер, диаметр и площадь поперечного сечения, а также расстояние от невромы до эпиконуса культи. Обработку изображений и различные измерения производили с помощью стандартных программ использованных ультразвуковых аппаратов.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Постампутационная неврома хотя бы одного нерва выявлена у 38 из 40 пациентов. Всего выявлено 53 невромы в 45 постампутационных культях конечностей. У 12 пациентов были выявлены две и более невромы в проксимальном отделе ампутированной конечности. Нами были оценены изменения эхогенности, эхоструктуры в проксимальных отделах нервов ампутированных конечностей независимо от уровня поражения.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Эхографическая визуализация периферических нервов является ценным методом исследования, с помощью которого возможно без специальной подготовки пациента в короткие сроки определить состояние нервного ствола, его клинико-морфологические характеристики, провести профилактику фантомного болевого синдрома после ампутации конечности, оценить порочность культи при планировании протезирования.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>traumatic neuroma</kwd><kwd>post-amputation neuroma</kwd><kwd>ultrasonography</kwd><kwd>phantom pain</kwd><kwd>limb amputation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>травматическая неврома</kwd><kwd>постампутационная неврома</kwd><kwd>ультразвуковое исследование</kwd><kwd>фантомная боль</kwd><kwd>ампутация конечностей</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Zotov PB, Smirnov AV, Vakulin AA, et al. Pain syndromes in lower limb amputation: clinical and epidemiological aspects and drug therapy. Palliativnaja medicina i reabilitacija. 2007;(1):5–10. (In Russ.) EDN: MPXIND</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Culp CJ, Abdi S. Current understanding of phantom pain and its treatment. Pain Physician. 2022;25(7):E941–E957.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Sugawara AT, Simis M, Fregni F, Battistella LR. Characterisation of phantom limb pain in traumatic lower-limb amputees. Pain Res Manag. 2021;2021:2706731. doi: 10.1155/2021/2706731</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Dijkstra PU, Geertzen JH, Stewart R, van der Schans CP. Phantom pain and risk factors: a multivariate analysis. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2002;24(6):578–585. doi: 10.1016/s0885-3924(02)00538-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Limakatso K, Bedwell GJ, Madden VJ, Parker R. The prevalence and risk factors for phantom limb pain in people with amputations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0240431. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240431 EDN: PTYVVU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Griffin SC, Alphonso AL, Tung M, et al. Characteristics of phantom limb pain in U.S. civilians and service members. Scand J Pain. 2021;22(1):125–132. doi: 10.1515/sjpain-2021-0139 EDN: JNDCWY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Oliveira KMC, Pindur L, Han Z, et al. Time course of traumatic neuroma development. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0200548. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200548</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Mota SJ, Pereira da Silva FMGS, Gil-Pereira M, et al. Peripheral nerve ultrasound—anatomy and technique for diagnosis and procedures. In: ECR 2014. 2014. Vol. 112. P. 1–48. doi: 10.1594/ecr2014/C-2342</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Es'kin NA, Matveeva NYu, Pripisnova SG. Potentialities of ultra sound examination in diagnosis of injuries and diseases of upper extremity peripheral nerves. N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics. 2008;(2):82–88. EDN: JTGGEF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Tatarina AV, Dubrovskikh SN, Gumerova EA, et al. Results of multiparametric ultrasound examinationof peripheral nerves in combat trauma. Hospital Medicine: Science and Practice. 2024;7(2):54–62. doi: 10.34852/GM3CVKG.2024.26.19.009 EDN: HMNALU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Tatarina AV, Dubrovskikh SN, Gumerova EA. Ultrasound diagnostics in the assessment of traumatic peripheral nerve damage in combat trauma. Digital Diagnostics. 2023;4(S1):129–132. doi: 10.17816/DD430369 EDN: UYQQQK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Gaivoronsky AI, Zhurbin EA, Dekan VS, et al. Intraoperative ultrasound research in surgery of peripheral nerves of upper limb. Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy. 2015;(2):56–59. EDN: TVSSZN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Dubrovskikh SN, Tatarina AV, Gumerova EA, Koryagina AD. Ultrasound as the main method for diagnosing peripheral nerve injuries in mine blast trauma. Digital Diagnostics. 2023;4(S1):46–49. doi: 10.17816/DD430341 EDN: BOTEWQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Bulatov AR. Clinical and instrumental characteristics and metabolic therapy of traumatic neuropathies of the extremities [dissertation]. Saint Petersburg; 2020. (In Russ.) EDN: EJOJYL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Kolomentsev SV, Polezhaev PA, Gaivoronsky AI, et al. Modern concepts of treatment of phantom limb pain. Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy. 2023;25(3):515–527. doi: 10.17816/brmma340914 EDN: TSCZDS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Buchheit T, Van de Ven T, Hsia HL, et al. Pain phenotypes and associated clinical risk factors following traumatic amputation: results from Veterans Integrated Pain Evaluation Research (VIPER). Pain Med. 2016;17(1):149–161. doi: 10.1111/pme.12848</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Chung BM, Lee GY, Kim WT, et al. MRI features of symptomatic amputation neuromas. Eur Radiol. 2021;31(10):7684–7695. doi: 10.1007/s00330-021-07954-2 EDN: FPXMXU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Buch NS, Qerama E, Brix Finnerup N, Nikolajsen L. Neuromas and postamputation pain. Pain. 2020;161(1):147–155. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001705</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
