<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-2106</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9100</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">678945</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/medjrf678945</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ZUCUVG</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative morphologic study of calcifications in the pineal gland and choroid plexus of the human brain</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнительное морфологическое исследование кальциевых конкрементов в эпифизе и сосудистом сплетении мозга человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-2981</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3034-3137</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sufieva</surname><given-names>Dina А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Суфиева</surname><given-names>Дина Азатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>dinobrione@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6113-3948</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5725-8742</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirik</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кирик</surname><given-names>Ольга Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>olga_kirik@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8659-733X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6780-2677</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Beketova</surname><given-names>Anastasiya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бекетова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>beketova.anastasiya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0190-885X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5414-4122</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorova</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фeдорова</surname><given-names>Елена Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>el-fedorova2014@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3411-3412</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fayzov</surname><given-names>Murodali S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Файзов</surname><given-names>Муродали Саидалиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>fayzov-1994@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2136-6717</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7524-9870</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakovlev</surname><given-names>Vladislav S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яковлев</surname><given-names>Владислав Станиславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>1547053@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3535-7638</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1306-4860</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigorev</surname><given-names>Igor P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьев</surname><given-names>Игорь Павлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>ipg-iem@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2456-8165</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3252-3029</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Korzhevskii</surname><given-names>Dmitriy E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коржевский</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Эдуардович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>dek2@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-06-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>227</fpage><lpage>235</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-04-28"><day>28</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-19"><day>19</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-07-11"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/678945">https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/678945</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:<italic> </italic></bold>Calcifications are frequently observed in the brain during radiologic evaluations and postmortem histologic examinations, most commonly in the pineal gland and choroid plexus. An increase in the number and size of calcifications has been associated with various neurologic, oncologic, infectious, and other diseases. Current evidence suggests a potential role of calcifications in the pathogenesis of conditions such as vascular dementia, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, astrocytomas, posttraumatic epilepsy, and migraine. However, the causes and mechanisms of calcification formation in the brain remain unclear.</p> <p><bold>Aim:<italic> </italic></bold>This study aimed to examine the morphologic features of calcium concretions in the pineal gland and choroid plexus—the two primary sites of their occurrence—to identify possible microstructures associated with calcification.</p> <p><bold>Methods:<italic> </italic></bold>The study was conducted on 14 samples of choroid plexus tissue (from individuals aged 20–63 years) and 12 samples of pineal gland tissue (aged 16–61 years). Histological sections were stained with alum hematoxylin and aniline blue. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using monoclonal anti-Vimentin antibodies (clone SP20).</p> <p><bold>Results:<italic> </italic></bold>Calcifications were identified in all pineal gland samples and in 13 of 14 choroid plexus samples. In the pineal gland, calcification size varied widely (5–20 µm to 150 µm), predominantly occurring in lobules among pinealocytes, and much less frequently within connective tissue trabeculae. In the choroid plexus, calcifications ranged from 30 to 70 µm (occasionally up to 100 µm) and were primarily located within the connective tissue stroma, rather than the villi. Brain sand was found exclusively in the pineal gland, but not in the choroid plexus. A Vimentin-positive capsule was found around psammoma bodies in both the pineal gland and choroid plexus, but was absent around amorphous calcifications of the choroid plexus.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion:<italic> </italic></bold>The predominant localization of choroid plexus calcifications in collagenrich connective tissue, and beyond this tissue in the pineal gland, supports the hypothesis of two distinct calcification mechanisms: one collagen-associated and the other independent of collagen. The presence of brain sand in the pineal gland—but not in the choroid plexus of adults—suggests that pineal calcification is a continuous process, whereas calcification in the choroid plexus may predominantly occur post-puberty. The presence of two types of calcifications that differ in both structure and the presence/absence of a capsule, i.e., psammoma bodies and amorphous calcifications, respectively, may indicate a possible pathologic (mechanical) effect on the surrounding tissues by psammoma bodies, but not amorphous calcifications, which is prevented by the formation of an insulating layer.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Кальциевые конкременты часто наблюдаются при лучевой диагностике и посмертном гистологическом исследовании в головном мозге, чаще всего в эпифизе и сосудистом сплетении. Увеличение количества и размеров кальцификатов происходит при ряде неврологических, онкологических, инфекционных и других заболеваний. Существующие данные позволяют предполагать их возможное участие в патогенезе таких патологий человека, как сосудистая деменция, болезнь Альцгеймера, болезнь Паркинсона, астроглиомы, посттравматическая эпилепсия, мигрень. Причины и механизмы формирования кальцификатов в головном мозге до сих пор неизвестны.</p> <p><bold>Цель. </bold>Изучение морфологических особенностей кальциевых конкрементов в двух основных областях их локализации — в эпифизе мозга и сосудистом сплетении — с целью выявления возможных микроструктур, приуроченных к формированию кальцификатов.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Работа проведена на 14 образцах сосудистого сплетения (возраст исследуемых составил 20–63 года) и 12 образцах эпифиза (возраст исследуемых составил 16–61 год). Гистологические препараты окрашивали квасцовым гематоксилином и анилиновым синим. Иммуногистохимическое исследование проводили с применением моноклональных антител к виментину (клон SP20).</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Кальцификаты обнаружены во всех исследованных образцах эпифиза и в 13 из 14 образцов сосудистого сплетения. В эпифизе размер кальцификатов сильно варьирует (от 5–20 до 150 мкм), они наблюдаются преимущественно в дольках среди пинеалоцитов и намного реже — в соединительнотканных трабекулах. В сосудистом сплетении кальцификаты размером 30–70 мкм, иногда до 100 мкм располагаются преимущественно в соединительнотканной строме, но не в ворсинках. Мозговой песок наблюдается только в эпифизе, но не в сосудистом сплетении. Виментин-иммунопозитивная капсула встречается вокруг псаммомных телец в эпифизе и сосудистом сплетении и отсутствует вокруг аморфных кальцификатов сосудистого сплетения.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Обнаруженное преимущественное расположение кальцификатов сосудистого сплетения в соединительной ткани, богатой коллагеном, а в эпифизе — вне соединительной ткани свидетельствует в пользу существования двух различных механизмов образования кальцификатов: связанного или не связанного с использованием коллагена. Наличие мозгового песка в эпифизе, но не в сосудистом сплетении взрослых людей свидетельствует, что образование кальцификатов в эпифизе — это перманентный процесс, тогда как в сосудистом сплетении он, по-видимому, характерен преимущественно для постпубертатного возраста. Присутствие двух типов кальцификатов, различающихся как по структуре, так и по наличию/отсутствию капсулы (псаммомных телец и аморфных кальцификатов соответственно) может свидетельствовать о возможном патологическом (механическом) воздействии на окружающие ткани псаммомных телец, но не аморфных кальцификатов, что обусловливает формирование вокруг них изолирующей прослойки.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>calcifications</kwd><kwd>choroid plexus</kwd><kwd>pineal gland</kwd><kwd>collagen</kwd><kwd>vimentin</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кальцификаты</kwd><kwd>сосудистое сплетение</kwd><kwd>эпифиз мозга</kwd><kwd>коллаген, виментин</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation and the Expert Institute for Social Research</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации и Экспертный институт социальных исследований</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Daghman A, Bennour A. Computed tomographic pattern of intracerebral calcifications in a radiology center in Benghazi, Libya. Libyan International Medical University Journal. 2020;5(2):59–64. doi: 10.4103/LIUJ.LIUJ_30_20 EDN: YNFHGW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Kiraz M. The relationship with age and gender of intracranial physiological calcifications: A study from Corum, Turkey. Ann Med Res. 2021;28(9):1775–1780. doi: 10.5455/annalsmedres.2020.10.1022 EDN: AZFYCW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Yalcin A, Ceylan M, Bayraktutan OF, et al. Age and gender related prevalence of intracranial calcifications in CT imaging; data from 12,000 healthy subjects. J Chem Neuroanat. 2016;78:20–24. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.07.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Ozlece HK, Akyuz O, Ilik F, et al. Is there a correlation between the pineal gland calcification and migraine? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015;19(20):3861–3864.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Saade C, Najem E, Asmar K, et al. Intracranial calcifications on CT: an updated review. J Radiol Case Rep. 2019;13(8):1–18. doi: 10.3941/jrcr.v13i8.3633</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Taborda KNN, Wilches C, Manrique A. A diagnostic algorithm for patients with intracranial calcifications. Rev Colomb Radiol. 2017;28(3):4732–4739.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Korzhevsky DE. Vascular plexus of the brain and the structural organization of the hematolikvortic barrier in humans. Regional Blood Circulation and Microcirculation. 2003;2(1):5–14. (In Russ.) EDN: PCBHFJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Spector R, Keep RF, Robert Snodgrass S, et al. A balanced view of choroid plexus structure and function: Focus on adult humans. Exp Neurol. 2015;267:78–86. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.02.032 EDN: NKALPF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Sufieva DA, Fedorova EA, Yakovlev VS, Grigorev IP. Immunohistochemical study of human pineal vessels. Medical Academic Journal. 2023;23(2):109–118. doi: 10.17816/MAJ352563 EDN: RETHOC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Alcolado JC, Moore IE, Weller RO. Calcification in the human choroid plexus, meningiomas and pineal gland. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1986;12(3):235–250. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.1986.tb00137.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Korzhevskiy DE. Modern ideas about layered calcificates (psammomnye cels) of the vascular plexus and shells of the human brain. Morphology. 1997;112(4):87–90. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Wakamatsu K, Chiba Y, Murakami R, et al. Immunohistochemical expression of osteopontin and collagens in choroid plexus of human brains. Neuropathology. 2022;42(2):117–125. doi: 10.1111/neup.12791 EDN: LCCMEB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Doyle AJ, Anderson GD. Physiologic calcification of the pineal gland in children on computed tomography: prevalence, observer reliability and association with choroid plexus calcification. Acad Radiol. 2006;13(7):822–826. doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2006.04.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Mahlberg R, Walther S, Kalus P, et al. Pineal calcification in Alzheimer's disease: an in vivo study using computed tomography. Neurobiol Aging. 2008;29(2):203–209. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.10.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Marinescu I, Udriştoiu I, Marinescu D. Choroid plexus calcification: clinical, neuroimaging and histopathological correlations in schizophrenia. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2013;54(2):365–369.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Liu R, Zhang Z, Chen Y, et al. Choroid plexus epithelium and its role in neurological diseases. Front Mol Neurosci. 2022;15:949231. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.949231 EDN: HAPFZU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Rodríguez-Lorenzo S, Ferreira Francisco DM, Vos R, et al. Altered secretory and neuroprotective function of the choroid plexus in progressive multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2020;8(1):35. doi: 10.1186/s40478-020-00903-y EDN: QAAJPX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Saul J, Hutchins E, Reiman R, et al. Global alterations to the choroid plexus blood-CSF barrier in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2020;8(1):92. doi: 10.1186/s40478-020-00968-9 EDN: EIYYIY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Butler T, Wang XH, Chiang GC, et al. Choroid plexus calcification correlates with cortical microglial activation in humans: a multimodal PET, CT, MRI study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2023;44(7):776–782. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A7903 EDN: LXSNAK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Das DK. Psammoma body: a product of dystrophic calcification or of a biologically active process that aims at limiting the growth and spread of tumor? Diagn Cytopathol. 2009 Jul;37(7):534–541. doi: 10.1002/dc.21081</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
