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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-2106</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9100</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">690327</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/medjrf690327</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">RARUIE</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Prospects for the implementation of collaborative robotic systems in laboratory medicine: a review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Перспективы внедрения коллаборативных роботизированных систем в лабораторной медицине: обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8597-7125</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8442-5834</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Komarov</surname><given-names>Andrey G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комаров</surname><given-names>Андрей Григорьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>komarovag@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3650-6121</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9606-5198</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tregub</surname><given-names>Pavel P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трегуб</surname><given-names>Павел Павлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>tregub@cmd.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2547-6162</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7568-3209</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyulyubaev</surname><given-names>Vadlen V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тюлюбаев</surname><given-names>Вадлен Вадимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>vadlen.secha@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8555-5969</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5576-8174</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bochkov</surname><given-names>Pavel O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бочков</surname><given-names>Павел Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>bochkovpo@dcli.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2787-4731</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8854-0469</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goldberg</surname><given-names>Arcadiy S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гольдберг</surname><given-names>Аркадий Станиславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>goldarcadiy@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-9044</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4038-7455</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akimkin</surname><given-names>Vasiliy G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акимкин</surname><given-names>Василий Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>vgakimkin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Scientific and Practical Center for Laboratory Research</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский научно-практический центр лабораторных исследований</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute of Epidemiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии Федеральной службы по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>592</fpage><lpage>600</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-12"><day>12</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-21"><day>21</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-03-04"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/690327">https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/690327</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory diagnostics is one of the key domains of modern medicine, providing up to 80% of all clinical decision-making. The growing volume of laboratory testing, workforce transformation, and the need to reduce error rates make automation particularly relevant. Traditional total laboratory automation systems demonstrate high throughput; however, their economic and organizational effectiveness is limited by complex integration and high implementation costs. In this context, increasing attention is being given to collaborative robots (cobots) capable of performing preanalytical and logistical tasks in direct interaction with personnel. Despite the high technological potential, ready-to-use solutions for clinical laboratories remain scarce, underscoring the scientific and practical relevance of this review.</p> <p>The analytical material was collected through a scientific data search in the PubMed database covering the period from 1985 to 2025. The bibliometric analysis included 2247 publications, of which 961 were published within the last five years, reflecting the rapid growth of interest in medical robotics.</p> <p>The analysis demonstrated that the implementation of cobots in laboratory workflows leads to a reduction in sample processing time by 30%–50%, a decrease in error rates by 60%–80%, and increased productivity with minimal costs associated with personnel training. The automation of the preanalytical phase, where the proportion of errors may reach up to 70%, is critically important. Practical examples of the use of collaborative robots in microbiological and serological studies confirm their effectiveness and flexibility compared with traditional systems.</p> <p>The future application of collaborative robotics is associated with the integration of artificial intelligence, digital twins, and self-learning algorithms, paving the way toward fully autonomous laboratory platforms. Successful implementation will require a stepwise strategy, interface standardization, and interdisciplinary collaboration among professionals in medicine, engineering, and information technology. Under these conditions, cobots may become a cornerstone of future laboratory diagnostics, enhancing quality, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Лабораторная диагностика является одним из ключевых направлений современной медицины, обеспечивая до 80% всех клинических решений. Рост объёмов исследований, кадровые трансформации и необходимость снижения числа ошибок делают задачи автоматизации особенно актуальными. Если традиционные системы полной автоматизации демонстрируют высокую производительность, то их экономическая и организационная эффективность ограничена сложностью интеграции и стоимостью внедрения. В связи с этим всё большее внимание привлекают коллаборативные роботы (коботы), способные выполнять преаналитические и логистические задачи при непосредственном взаимодействии с персоналом. Несмотря на высокий потенциал технологии, готовые решения для клинических лабораторий остаются редкостью, что подчёркивает исследовательскую и практическую значимость обзора.</p> <p>Материал для анализа собран на основе поиска публикаций в базе данных PubMed за 1985–2025 гг. Библиометрический анализ включал 2247 статей, из которых 961 была опубликована за последние пять лет, что отражает стремительный рост интереса к теме медицинской робототехники.</p> <p>Результаты анализа показали, что внедрение коботов в лабораторные процессы обеспечивает сокращение времени обработки образцов до 30–50%, снижение количества ошибок — на 60–80%, а также рост производительности при минимальных затратах на обучение персонала. Особое значение имеет автоматизация преаналитической фазы, где доля ошибок может достигать 70%. Практические примеры использования коллаборативных роботов в микробиологических и серологических исследованиях подтверждают их эффективность и гибкость по сравнению с традиционными системами.</p> <p>Перспективы применения коллаборативной робототехники связаны с интеграцией искусственного интеллекта, цифровых двойников и самообучающихся алгоритмов, что открывает путь к созданию полностью автономных лабораторных платформ. Успешное внедрение потребует поэтапного подхода, стандартизации интерфейсов и междисциплинарного взаимодействия специалистов из медицины, инженерии и информационных технологий. При соблюдении этих условий коботы могут стать ключевым элементом будущего лабораторной диагностики, повышая её качество, экономическую эффективность и устойчивость.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>collaborative robots</kwd><kwd>cobots</kwd><kwd>laboratory diagnostics</kwd><kwd>automation</kwd><kwd>robotics</kwd><kwd>preanalytical phase</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>коллаборативные роботы</kwd><kwd>коботы</kwd><kwd>лабораторная диагностика</kwd><kwd>автоматизация</kwd><kwd>робототехника</kwd><kwd>преаналитическая фаза</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Департамент здравоохранения города Москвы</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow City Department of Health</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>282</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was prepared with the support of the Moscow City Department of Health within the framework of a research project (USISA No. 125090310052-0) in accordance with the Scientific Support of Metropolitan Healthcare program for 2023–2025.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена при поддержке Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы в рамках научно-исследовательской работы (№ ЕГИСУ: 125090310052-0) в соответствии с программой «Научное обеспечение столичного здравоохранения» на 2023–2025 гг.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta><fn-group><fn xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p><bold>ABSTRACT</bold></p> <p>Laboratory diagnostics is one of the key areas of modern medicine, providing up to 80% of all clinical decisions.The increasing volume of testing, workforce transformations and the need to reduce errors make automation tasks particularly relevant. While traditional total laboratory automation (TLA) systems demonstrate high performance, their economic and organizational efficiency is constrained by the complexity of integration and the high cost of implementation. In this context, collaborative robots (cobots), capable of performing pre-analytical and logistical tasks in direct interaction with personnel are attracting growing attention. Despite the significant potential of this technology, ready-to-use solutions for clinical laboratories remain scarce, underscoring both the research and practical relevance of this review.</p>  <p> </p><p>The material for analysis was collected through a PubMed search covering the years 1985–2025. The bibliometric analysis included 2,247 articles, of which 961 were published in the last five years, reflecting the rapid increase in interest in medical robotics.</p>  <p> </p><p>The results of the analysis indicate that the integration of cobots into laboratory workflows reduces sample processing time by 30–50%, decreases error rates by 60–80% and improves productivity with minimal staff training costs. Automation of the pre-analytical phase is of particular importance, as up to 70% of laboratory errors occur at this stage. Practical examples of cobot implementation in microbiological and serological testing confirm their efficiency and flexibility compared with traditional systems.</p>  <p> </p><p>The prospects for collaborative robotics are closely linked to the integration of artificial intelligence, digital twins and self-learning algorithms, paving the way for fully autonomous laboratory platforms. Successful implementation will require a phased approach, interface standardization and interdisciplinary collaboration among experts in medicine, engineering and information technology. Under these conditions, cobots may become a cornerstone of the future of laboratory diagnostics, enhancing its quality, cost-effectiveness and resilience.</p> </fn></fn-group></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Plebani M. The CCLM contribution to improvements in quality and patient safety. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2013;51(1):39–46. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2012-0094</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Yu S, Jeon BR, Liu C, et al. Laboratory preparation for digital medicine in healthcare 4.0: An investigation into the awareness and applications of big data and artificial intelligence. 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