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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-2106</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9100</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">690430</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/medjrf690430</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">IMOWVY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Predictors of mortality risk in hemodialysis patients in the medium term: a case series</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Предикторы риска смерти пациентов на гемодиализе в среднесрочной перспективе: серия случаев</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9876-9202</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4521-9097</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lakman</surname><given-names>Irina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лакман</surname><given-names>Ирина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Engineering), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. техн. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>lackmania@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1320-0946</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7902-9175</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shkel</surname><given-names>Oksana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шкель</surname><given-names>Оксана Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shkeloa@dializrb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7907-806X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7107-5842</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernenko</surname><given-names>Oleg V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черненко</surname><given-names>Олег Валерианович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>och@dializrb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6874-7833</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8701-6446</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Travnikova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Травникова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>etravnikova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2386-6707</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5910-1156</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zagidullin</surname><given-names>Naufal Sh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Загидуллин</surname><given-names>Науфаль Шамилевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>znaufal@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский университет науки и технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Hemodialysis Laboratory</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Лаборатория гемодиализа</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-02-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>549</fpage><lpage>560</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-15"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-03"><day>03</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-03-04"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/690430">https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/690430</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Identifying predictors of mortality risk in patients receiving hemodialysis in the medium term enables the development of measures aimed at reducing this risk. However, data obtained from different dialysis centers may be highly heterogeneous, which reduces the reliability of the resulting estimates. In such cases, statistical tools for aggregating results, traditionally used in meta-analyses, may be helpful. This approach can substantially increase confidence in the findings.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>To identify predictors of mortality risk in patients receiving maintenance renal replacement therapy in the medium term, with adjustment for data heterogeneity in a multicenter study.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The study included data from a retrospective, continuous November 1, 2017, to April 30, 2020, involving patients aged ≥18 years who had been receiving outpatient maintenance hemodialysis for at least 3 months and had a functioning vascular access. Censoring criteria included transition to peritoneal dialysis or kidney transplantation during the 30-month follow-up period. At the first stage, hierarchical Bayesian Cox proportional hazards models were estimated separately for four clusters of dialysis centers formed territorially. At the second stage, significant predictors of survival were selected, and generalizing models with fixed or random effects were estimated for these predictors (models were selected based on Cochran’s Q test).</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Retrospective data over 2.5 years were collected for 2120 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria across 30 dialysis centers. Over the 30-month follow-up, 468 patients died (22.08%); 7 patients (0.33%) were transferred to peritoneal dialysis (all in Ufa); and 42 patients (1.98%) underwent kidney allotransplantation. The analysis demonstrated that only patient age was a risk factor for mortality (hazards ratio [HR], 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.03). All other factors were associated with a reduced risk of death as their values increased: duration of dialysis therapy (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92–0.99), body mass index (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.87–1), duration of anti-anemic therapy in months (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.86–0.97), and duration of therapy aimed at correction of calcium–phosphate metabolism in months (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.92–0.96). The mean single-pool (sp) ratio of dialyzer urea clearance (K) multiplied by dialysis time (t) to the volume of urea distribution in the patient’s body (V) (spKt/V) showed no significant association with mortality risk: although the HR was 0.35, the CI was very wide (0.08–1.57), indicating that an increase in spKt/V was associated with a reduced risk of death in some patients and an increased risk in others.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Based on preliminary differences in survival among dialysis patients, four clusters belonging to different constituent entities of the Russian Federation were identified. An approach that aggregates modeling results across territorially defined clusters of dialysis centers resulted in greater confidence in the estimated survival outcomes of patients receiving outpatient maintenance hemodialysis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Выявление предикторов риска смерти пациентов на гемодиализе в среднесрочной перспективе позволяет разработать мероприятия, направленные на его снижение. Однако данные, полученные из разных диализных центров, могут быть весьма неоднородными, что уменьшает надёжность получаемых оценок. В этом случае могут помочь статистические инструменты для агрегации результатов, традиционно используемые в метаанализах. Такой подход способен существенно повысить доверие к получаемым результатам.</p> <p><bold>Цель. </bold>Выявление предикторов риска смертельных исходов пациентов на постоянной заместительной почечной терапии в среднесрочной перспективе с поправкой на неоднородность данных при проведении многоцентрового исследования.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>В исследование включены данные ретроспективного сплошного наблюдения с 01.11.2017 по 30.04.2020 за пациентами старше 18 лет, получавшими на постоянной основе амбулаторный гемодиализ в течение не менее 3 мес. и имевшими сформированный сосудистый доступ. Критерии цензурирования: переход пациента на перитонеальный диализ или трансплантация почки в период наблюдения 30 мес. На первом этапе оценивали иерархические байесовские модели Кокса отдельно по четырём кластерам диализных центров, сформированным по территориальному принципу; на втором этапе отбирали статистически значимые предикторы выживаемости и для них оценивали обобщающие модели с фиксированными или случайными эффектами (выбор между моделями проводили согласно Q-тесту Кохрена).</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Собраны ретроспективные данные за 2,5 года по 2120 пациентам, соответствовавшим критериям включения и исключения, в 30 диализных центрах. Всего суммарно за 30 мес. умерло 468 пациентов (22,08%), переведено на перитонеальный диализ — 7 (0,33%) (только в Уфе), получили аллотрансплантацию почки — 42 пациента (1,98%). Проведённое исследование показало, что только возраст пациента являлся фактором риска смерти (относительный риск [ОР] 1,02; 95% доверительный интервал [ДИ] 1,01–1,03), а все остальные факторы при увеличении их значения уменьшали риск смерти: длительность диализного лечения (ОР 0,95; 95% ДИ 0,92–0,99), индекс массы тела (ОР 0,93; 95% ДИ 0,87–1), длительность антианемической терапии в месяцах (ОР 0,91; 95% ДИ 0,86–0,97), длительность терапии по восстановлению фосфорно-кальциевого обмена в месяцах (ОР 0,94; 95% ДИ 0,92–0,96). Среднее значение однопулового (single-pool, sp) отношения произведения клиренса мочевины через диализатор (K) и времени диализа (t) к объёму распределения мочевины в организме пациента (V) (spKt/V) не имело статистически значимой ассоциации с риском смерти: несмотря на то, что ОР 0,35, его ДИ очень широкий (0,08–1,57), т. е. его увеличение для части пациентов приводит к снижению риска смерти, а для части, напротив, к его увеличению.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>На основании предварительно выявленных различий в выживаемости диализных пациентов было определено 4 кластера, сформированных по территориальному принципу принадлежности к разным субъектам РФ. Применение подхода, агрегирующего результаты моделирования по кластерам диализных центров, сформированным по территориальному признаку, позволило повысить доверие к получаемым оценкам выживаемости пациентов на амбулаторном гемодиализе.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>outpatient hemodialysis</kwd><kwd>survival analysis</kwd><kwd>multicenter study</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>амбулаторный гемодиализ</kwd><kwd>анализ выживания</kwd><kwd>многоцентровое исследование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>25-18-20135</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was supported by grant No. 25-18-20135 from the Russian Science Foundation.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда 25-18-20135.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Drachev IYu, Shilo VYu. 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