<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-2106</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9100</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">693917</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/medjrf693917</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">QSKECN</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modern strategies of cardiorespiratory monitoring and predictors of complications in abdominal and thoracic surgery: a review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные стратегии кардиореспираторного мониторинга и предикторы осложнений в абдоминальной и торакальной хирургии: обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7614-6359</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>Dmitry S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>dp.burdenko.2026@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9671-4348</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bunina</surname><given-names>Natalya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бунина</surname><given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>nbunina@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0981-0824</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Antonova</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антонова</surname><given-names>Светлана Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>cvetlana.antonova.03@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5088-2993</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fayzrakhmanova</surname><given-names>Elmira L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Файзрахманова</surname><given-names>Эльмира Лябибовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>elmirafa20@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6251-4263</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aminyeva</surname><given-names>Evelina E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аминева</surname><given-names>Эвелина Эдуардовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>amineva.ewelina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0062-9209</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valitova</surname><given-names>Alina M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валитова</surname><given-names>Алина Мунировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>alinavalitova0712alina@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5486-0714</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bayguzina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Байгузина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>bajguzina7@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7415-8966</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Davletgareyeva</surname><given-names>Aisylu A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Давлетгареева</surname><given-names>Айсылу Айдаровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>zzzsfr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7469-3547</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kopchenova</surname><given-names>Viktoriya E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Копченова</surname><given-names>Виктория Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>kopcenovaviktoria@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7691-7453</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Farafonov</surname><given-names>Ivan V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фарафонов</surname><given-names>Иван Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>mr.farafonov@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5648-7109</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivkovich</surname><given-names>Nikita V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивкович</surname><given-names>Никита Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>nikitaivkovich@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7261-0952</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Uvarov</surname><given-names>Yaroslav V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уваров</surname><given-names>Ярослав Витальевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>ciron134@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8845-7631</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Minin</surname><given-names>Vitaly S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минин</surname><given-names>Виталий Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>mininvit@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный медицинский университет имени Н.Н. Бурденко</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Тамбовский государственный университет имени Г.Р. Державина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>601</fpage><lpage>612</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-20"><day>20</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-06"><day>06</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-03-04"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/693917">https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/693917</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review examines contemporary strategies of cardiorespiratory monitoring and predictors of complications in abdominal and thoracic surgery. The relevance of this topic is driven by the high incidence of perioperative cardiorespiratory complications, which substantially worsen clinical outcomes by prolonging hospitalization and increasing mortality.</p> <p>Three key stages of perioperative patient management are analyzed. In the preoperative period, the necessity of comprehensive risk stratification beyond standard clinical scoring systems is substantiated, including the Revised Cardiac Risk Index and the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program model. High prognostic value is demonstrated for biomarkers (such as N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide and high-sensitivity troponin), as well as for advanced instrumental diagnostics (echocardiography, stress testing, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing) aimed at assessing functional reserve. In the intraoperative period, the effectiveness of goal-directed hemodynamic optimization based on changing parameters (stroke volume variation and pulse pressure variation) is highlighted for the prevention of perioperative myocardial injury and hypoperfusion. In terms of respiratory protection, the focus has shifted from isolated reduction of tidal volume to comprehensive monitoring of lung mechanics, with driving pressure identified as a key determinant. The importance of individualized positive end-expiratory pressure settings and the use of recruitment maneuvers guided by objective monitoring methods is emphasized to prevent atelectasis and ventilator-associated lung injury. In the postoperative period, the efficacy of respiratory support strategies (including noninvasive ventilation and high-flow nasal oxygen therapy) is substantiated for the prevention of acute respiratory failure. Particular attention is paid to active complication surveillance using serial measurements of biomarkers (high-sensitivity troponin) for early diagnosis of myocardial injury.</p> <p>The review concludes that integration of modern cardiorespiratory monitoring strategies into enhanced recovery after surgery protocols, including adequate analgesia and early mobilization, is a necessary condition for improving surgical outcomes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Настоящий обзор посвящён изучению современных стратегий кардиореспираторного мониторинга и предикторов осложнений в абдоминальной и торакальной хирургии. Актуальность темы обусловлена высокой частотой кардиореспираторных осложнений в периоперационном периоде, которые значительно ухудшают исходы лечения, увеличивая сроки госпитализации и летальность.</p> <p>Проанализированы три ключевых этапа ведения пациента. На предоперационном этапе обоснована необходимость комплексной стратификации риска, выходящей за рамки стандартных клинических шкал: пересмотренный кардиологический индекс риска (Revised Cardiac Risk Index) и модель национальной программы повышения качества оказания хирургической помощи (National Surgical Quality Improvement Program). Определяется высокая прогностическая ценность биомаркеров (N-концевого пропептида натрийуретического гормона мозгового типа и высокочувствительного тропонина), а также роль расширенной инструментальной диагностики (эхокардиографии, стресс-тестов, спироэргометрии) для оценки функциональных резервов пациента. Отмечается эффективность целенаправленной оптимизации гемодинамики в интраоперационном периоде, основанной на мониторинге динамических параметров гемодинамики (вариабельности ударного объёма, вариабельности пульсового давления), с целью профилактики периоперационного повреждения миокарда и гипоперфузии. В рамках респираторной защиты отмечается смещение акцента с изолированного снижения дыхательного объёма на комплексный мониторинг механики лёгких, где ключевым параметром является движущее давление. Продемонстрирована важность учёта индивидуальных параметров положительного давления в конце выдоха и применения рекрутмент-манёвров под контролем объективных методов для предотвращения ателектазов и вентилятор-ассоциированного повреждения лёгких. Обосновывается эффективность методов респираторной поддержки (неинвазивная вентиляция лёгких, высокопоточная назальная кислородотерапия) в послеоперационном периоде с целью профилактики острой дыхательной недостаточности. Особое внимание уделено активному скринингу осложнений с помощью серийного определения биомаркеров (высокочувствительного тропонина) для ранней диагностики повреждения миокарда.</p> <p>Сделан вывод о том, что интеграция современных стратегий кардиореспираторного мониторинга в протоколы ускоренного восстановления после операции, включая адекватную аналгезию и раннюю мобилизацию, является необходимым условием для улучшения исхода оперативных вмешательств.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>perioperative period</kwd><kwd>comorbidities</kwd><kwd>postoperative complications</kwd><kwd>cardiorespiratory monitoring</kwd><kwd>abdominal surgery</kwd><kwd>thoracic surgery</kwd><kwd>ERAS</kwd><kwd>perioperative monitoring</kwd><kwd>predictors of perioperative complications</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>периоперационный период</kwd><kwd>коморбидные состояния</kwd><kwd>послеоперационные осложнения</kwd><kwd>кардиореспираторный мониторинг</kwd><kwd>абдоминальная хирургия</kwd><kwd>торакальная хирургия</kwd><kwd>ERAS</kwd><kwd>периоперационный мониторинг</kwd><kwd>предикторы периоперационных осложнений</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Dushianthan A, Knight M, Russell P, Grocott MP. Goal-directed haemodynamic therapy (GDHT) in surgical patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of GDHT on post-operative pulmonary complications. Perioper Med (Lond). 2020;9:30. doi: 10.1186/s13741-020-00161-5 EDN: KIGSUF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Han S, Wu X, Li P, et al. The impact of goal-directed fluid therapy on postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing thoracic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2024;19(1):60. doi: 10.1186/s13019-024-02519-y EDN: OPUATU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Shyamsundar M, O'Kane C, Perkins GD, et al. Prevention of post-operative complications by using a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor in patients undergoing one-lung ventilation for non-cardiac surgery: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):690. doi: 10.1186/s13063-018-3078-5 EDN: LTJWNB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Gupta S, Fernandes RJ, Rao JS, Dhanpal R. Perioperative risk factors for pulmonary complications after non-cardiac surgery. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2020;36(1):88–93. doi: 10.4103/joacp.JOACP_54_19 EDN: JSBNHA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Tuna ME, Akgün M. Preoperative pulmonary evaluation to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications. APS. 2023;1:34. doi: 10.1007/s44254-023-00034-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Ahmed-Issap A, Mahendran K, Abah U. Optimisation of the high-risk thoracic surgical patient: a narrative review. Shanghai Chest. 2023;7. doi: 10.21037/shc-22-31 EDN: BHCWKA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Lagier D, Fischer F, Fornier W, et al. A perioperative surgeon-controlled open-lung approach versus conventional protective ventilation with low positive end-expiratory pressure in cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (PROVECS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):624. doi: 10.1186/s13063-018-2967-y EDN: TYSLKA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Meng Z, Ding T, Zhao W, et al. Perioperative dexmedetomidine reduces the risk of postoperative complications in high-risk patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery: A randomized controlled trial. Chin Med J (Engl). doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000003648 EDN: WRPBTV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Boisson M, Poignard ME, et al. Cardiac output monitoring with thermodilution pulse-contour analysis vs. non-invasive pulse-contour analysis. Anaesthesia. 2019;74(6):735–740. doi: 10.1111/anae.14638 EDN: XVGYJO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Sokolov DA, Kozlov IA. Post-discharge cardiovascular complications in noncardiac surgery: incidence and prediction. General Reanimatology. 2024;20(6):4–14. doi: 10.15360/1813-9779-2024-6-2489 EDN: BRYOKP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Sumin AN. Assessment and correction of the cardiac complications risk in non-cardiac operations—what's new? Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2022;18(5):591–599. doi: 10.20996/1819-6446-2022-10-04 EDN: FLCMFM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Bossone E, Cademartiri F, AlSergani H, et al. Preoperative assessment and management of cardiovascular risk in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery: implementing a systematic stepwise approach during the COVID-19 pandemic era. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2021;8(10):126. doi: 10.3390/jcdd8100126 EDN: OJAENT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Boghean A, Guţu C, Firescu D. Perioperative risk: short review of current approach in non cardiac surgery. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025;12(1):24. doi: 10.3390/jcdd12010024 EDN: GHHIGD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Woo SH, Marhefka GD, Cowan SW, Ackermann L. Development and validation of a prediction model for stroke, cardiac, and mortality risk after non-cardiac surgery. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(4):e018013. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.018013 EDN: VXPCLT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Czajka S, Krzych ŁJ. Association between self-reported METs and other perioperative cardiorespiratory fitness assessment tools in abdominal surgery-a prospective cross-sectional correlation study. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):7826. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-56887-5 EDN: ZDJDFH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Chaulin AM, Duplyakova PD, Bikbaeva GR, et al. Concentration of high-sensitivity troponin I in oral fluid in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a pilot study. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;(12):17–22. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3814 EDN: OLMIXA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Klyuchevskiy VV, Komarov AS, Sokolov DA, et al. High-sensitive troponin in diagnostics of myocardial injury in hypertensive patients with femoral fractures. Polytrauma. 2021;(1):67–73. doi: 10.24411/1819-1495-2021-10008 EDN: GTPKTC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Nasab Mehrabi E, Toupchi-Khosroshahi V, Athari SS. Relationship of atrial fibrillation and N terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide in heart failure patients. ESC Heart Fail. 2023;10(6):3250–3257. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.14542 EDN: LRLCVO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Sanchez-Lorente D, Navarro-Ripoll R, Guzman R, et al. Prehabilitation in thoracic surgery. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(Suppl 22):S2593–S2600. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2018.08.18</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Suzuki K, Hirano Y, Yamada H, et al. Practical guidance for the implementation of stress echocardiography. J Echocardiogr. 2018;16(3):105–129. doi: 10.1007/s12574-018-0382-8 EDN: TLCDLR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Lamee RK, Shun-Shin MJ, Howard JP, et al. Dobutamine stress echocardiography ischemia as a predictor of the placebo-controlled efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention in stable coronary artery disease: the stress echocardiography-stratified analysis of ORBITA. Circulation. 2019;140(24):1971–1980. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042918</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Amirkhosravi F, Allenson KC, Moore LW, et al. Multimodal prehabilitation and postoperative outcomes in upper abdominal surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):16012. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-66633-6 EDN: VTASMA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Wang J, Li H, Yan W, et al. Prehabilitation interventions for cardiac surgery to prevent postoperative pulmonary complications: systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2024;53(10):2167–2179. doi: 10.18502/ijph.v53i10.16683 EDN: ELIDLT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Sullivan KA, Churchill IF, Hylton DA, Hanna WC. Use of incentive spirometry in adults following cardiac, thoracic, and upper abdominal surgery to prevent post-operative pulmonary complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respiration. 2021;100(11):1114–1127. doi: 10.1159/000517012 EDN: OYSFMZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Martínez-Ortega AJ, Piñar-Gutiérrez A, Serrano-Aguayo P, et al. Perioperative nutritional support: a review of current literature. Nutrients. 2022;14(8):1601. doi: 10.3390/nu14081601 EDN: EZJFSP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Uda K, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Yasunaga H. Preoperative short-term plus postoperative physical therapy versus postoperative physical therapy alone for patients undergoing lung cancer surgery: retrospective analysis of a nationwide inpatient database. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018;53(2):336–341. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezx301</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Kirov MYu, Gorobets ES, Bobovnik SV, et al. Principles of perioperative infusion therapy in adult patients. Russian Journal of Anеsthesiology and Reanimatology. 2018;63(6):82–103. doi: 10.17116/anaesthesiology201806182 EDN: VSCSQC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Zhao J, Li Y, Jia T, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy improves volume loading and stabilizes hemodynamics in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Transl Res. 2025;17(2):1135–1143. doi: 10.62347/IUZM6291 EDN: DSKTVE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Le Gall A, Vallée F, Joachim J, et al. Estimation of cardiac output variations induced by hemodynamic interventions using multi-beat analysis of arterial waveform: a comparative off-line study with transesophageal Doppler method during non-cardiac surgery. J Clin Monit Comput. 2022;36(2):501–510. doi: 10.1007/s10877-021-00679-z EDN: JGEYSW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Peyton PJ, Wallin M, Hallbäck M. New generation continuous cardiac output monitoring from carbon dioxide elimination. BMC Anesthesiol. 2019;19(1):28. doi: 10.1186/s12871-019-0699-5 EDN: AQEZAT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Ripollés-Melchor J, Espinosa ÁV, Fernández-Valdes-Bango P, et al. Intraoperative goal-directed hemodynamic therapy through fluid administration to optimize the stroke volume: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim (Engl Ed). 2024;71(10):719–731. doi: 10.1016/j.redare.2024.09.004 EDN: BTYUYE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Kouz K, Bergholz A, Diener O, et al. Effect of intraoperative personalized goal-directed hemodynamic management on acute myocardial injury in high-risk patients having major abdominal surgery: a post-hoc secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Monit Comput. 2022;36(6):1775–1783. doi: 10.1007/s10877-022-00826-0 EDN: TFIZSX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Habicher M, Denn SM, Schneck E, et al. Perioperative goal-directed therapy with artificial intelligence to reduce the incidence of intraoperative hypotension and renal failure in patients undergoing lung surgery: A pilot study. J Clin Anesth. 2025;102:111777. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2025.111777 EDN: PBXKUJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Cylwik J, Celińska-Spodar M, Dudzic M. Individualized perioperative hemodynamic management using hypotension prediction index software and the dynamics of troponin and NTproBNP concentration changes in patients undergoing oncological abdominal surgery. J Pers Med. 2024;14(2):211. doi: 10.3390/jpm14020211 EDN: NSBMGP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Karalapillai D, Weinberg L, Peyton P, et al. Effect of intraoperative low tidal volume vs conventional tidal volume on postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing major surgery: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;324(9):848–858. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.12866 EDN: GIWICF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Zhikharev VA, Bushuev AS, Koryachkin VA, Porhanov VA. Optimization of protective lung ventilation in thoracic surgery. Innovative Medicine of Kuban. 2022;7(4):32–38. doi: 10.35401/2541-9897-2022-25-4-32-38 EDN: FPLXPU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Xu Q, Guo X, Liu J, et al. Effects of dynamic individualized PEEP guided by driving pressure in laparoscopic surgery on postoperative atelectasis in elderly patients: a prospective randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2022;22(1):72. doi: 10.1186/s12871-022-01613-9 EDN: NZBWSC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Hu MC, Yang YL, Chen TT, et al. Recruitment maneuvers to reduce pulmonary atelectasis after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022;164(1):171–181.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.10.142 EDN: BEREXG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Liu T, Huang J, Wang X, et al. Effect of recruitment manoeuvres under lung ultrasound-guidance and positive end-expiratory pressure on postoperative atelectasis and hypoxemia in major open upper abdominal surgery: A randomized controlled trial. Heliyon. 2023;9(2):e13348. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13348 EDN: UNCNMV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Jhunjhunwala MS, Sachdev A. Mechanistic and protective approach to ventilator-induced lung injury: A narrative review. Pediatric Respirology and Critical Care Medicine. 2023;7(4):82–89. doi: 10.4103/prcm.prcm_23_23 EDN: DTRZDS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Spassov S, Wenzel C, Lozano-Zahonero S, et al. Sine ventilation in lung injury models: a new perspective for lung protective ventilation. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):11690. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68614-x EDN: MMIQBQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Giglio M, Biancofiore G, Corriero A, et al. Perioperative goal-directed therapy and postoperative complications in different kind of surgical procedures: an updated meta-analysis. J Anesth Analg Crit Care. 2021;1(1):26. doi: 10.1186/s44158-021-00026-3 EDN: JTGWMY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Gerent ARM, Almeida JP, Fominskiy E, et al. Effect of postoperative goal-directed therapy in cancer patients undergoing high-risk surgery: a randomized clinical trial and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2018;22(1):133. doi: 10.1186/s13054-018-2055-4 EDN: LTNNTP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Rostagno C, Craighero A. Postoperative myocardial infarction after non-cardiac surgery: an update. J Clin Med. 2024;13(5):1473. doi: 10.3390/jcm13051473 EDN: PNTUZC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Murashko SS, Burns SA, Pasechnik IN. Cardiovascular complications in noncardiac surgery: what remains out of sight? Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2024;23(1):80–88. doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2024-3748 EDN: HYXPTE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Silva-Jr JM, Menezes PFL, Lobo SM, et al. Impact of perioperative hemodynamic optimization therapies in surgical patients: economic study and meta-analysis. BMC Anesthesiol. 2020;20(1):71. doi: 10.1186/s12871-020-00987-y EDN: NGTFPE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Giglio M, Dalfino L, Puntillo F, Brienza N. Hemodynamic goal-directed therapy and postoperative kidney injury: an updated meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Crit Care. 2019;23(1):232. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2516-4 EDN: JLTKOF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Hamilton C, Alfille P, Mountjoy J, Bao X. Regional anesthesia and acute perioperative pain management in thoracic surgery: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis. 2022;14(6):2276–2296. doi: 10.21037/jtd-21-1740 EDN: BLEWJQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Lederman D, Easwar J, Feldman J, Shapiro V. Anesthetic considerations for lung resection: preoperative assessment, intraoperative challenges and postoperative analgesia. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(15):356. doi: 10.21037/atm.2019.03.67</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Sertcakacilar G, Tire Y, Kelava M, et al. Regional anesthesia for thoracic surgery: a narrative review of indications and clinical considerations. J Thorac Dis. 2022;14(12):5012–5028. doi: 10.21037/jtd-22-599 EDN: ZDVUHO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Sani GR. A review of physiotherapy protocols for postoperative rehabilitation after orthopaedic surgeries. J Adv Physiotherapy. 2024;1(1):07–13. doi: 10.33545/30810604.2024.v1.i1.A.2 EDN: IODHEI</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
