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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-2106</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9100</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">698611</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/medjrf698611</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CDVXQJ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Integration of morphological and molecular characteristics of the synovial sarcoma microenvironment into a personalized treatment concept: a review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Интеграция морфологических и молекулярных характеристик микроокружения синовиальной саркомы в концепцию персонализированного лечения: обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3772-6643</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2641-6658</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bulanov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буланов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>dbulanov81@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Priorov Central institute for Trauma and Orthopedics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр травматологии и ортопедии имени Н.Н. Приорова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-04-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>189</fpage><lpage>195</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-15"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-11"><day>11</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-05-12"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/698611">https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/698611</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review summarizes data on the morphological and molecular characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of synovial sarcoma and shows how the integration of these parameters can be used for choosing personalized treatment.</p> <p>Publications from 2015–2025 (with priority given to 2023–2025) were analyzed across key areas: tumor immune landscape; stromal and vascular components; spatial organization of the TME; epigenetic regulation and therapeutic strategies, including Tcell receptorbased approaches; as well as data from multiplex immunomorphology, singlecell and spatial transcriptomic profiling, and clinical studies of immunotherapy.</p> <p>The TME of synovial sarcoma was found to be highly heterogeneous and often immunologically “cold,” with limited effector T cell infiltration and a predominance of immunosuppressive myeloid populations (macrophages / myeloid-derived suppressor cells); however, a subset of cases shows signs of T cell inflammation that may predict response to treatment. Modern spatial approaches and single-cell RNA sequencing refine the compartmentalization of the TME and identify cellular states of tumor cells and stroma associated with invasion and resistance. Key personalization directions include: (1) stratification by antigen expression (NY-ESO-1, MAGE-A4, PRAME) and antigen presentation status; (2) combining T cell receptor-based therapy with TME modulators (epigenetic drugs, signaling pathway inhibitors, anti-angiogenic/anti-fibrotic strategies); and (3) digital TME morphometry using whole-slide images (WSI) as a reproducible source of biomarkers. Thus, the integration of morphological, immune, and molecular characteristics of the TME forms the basis for practice-oriented stratification of patients with synovial sarcoma and rational selection of personalized therapeutic combinations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В обзоре обобщены данные о морфологических и молекулярных характеристиках внутриопухолевого микроокружения (ВМО) синовиальной саркомы и показано, как интеграция этих параметров может быть использована для персонализированного выбора терапии.</p> <p>Анализировали публикации 2015–2025 гг. (с приоритетом 2023–2025 гг.) по ключевым направлениям: иммунный ландшафт опухоли; стромально-сосудистые компоненты; пространственная организация ВМО; эпигенетическая регуляция и терапевтические стратегии, включая подходы с использованием T-клеточных рецепторов; а также данные мультиплексной иммуноморфологии, одноклеточного и пространственного транскриптомного профилирования и клинических исследований иммунотерапии.</p> <p>Установлено, что ВМО синовиальной саркомы характеризуется выраженной гетерогенностью и нередко — «иммунной холодностью» с дефицитом эффекторных T-клеток и преобладанием иммуносупрессивных популяций (макрофаги/ миелоидные супрессорные клетки), при этом в отдельных подгруппах выявляются признаки T-клеточного воспаления, потенциально «предсказывающие» ответ на лечение. Современные spatial-подходы и одноклеточное РНК-секвенирование уточняют компартментность ВМО и выявляют клеточные состояния опухолевых клеток и стромы, связанные с инвазией и устойчивостью. Перспективными направлениями персонализации являются: (1) стратификация по антигенной экспрессии (NY-ESO-1, MAGE-A4, PRAME) и параметрам презентации антигена; (2) комбинирование терапии с использованием T-клеточных рецепторов с модуляторами ВМО (эпигенетические препараты, ингибиторы сигнальных путей, антиангиогенные/антифибротические стратегии); (3) цифровая морфометрия ВМО по WSI как воспроизводимый источник биомаркеров.</p> <p>Таким образом, интеграция морфологических, иммунных и молекулярных характеристик ВМО формирует основу для практико-ориентированной стратификации больных синовиальной саркомой и рационального выбора персонализированных терапевтических комбинаций.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>synovial sarcoma</kwd><kwd>tumor microenvironment</kwd><kwd>immune landscape</kwd><kwd>spatial biology</kwd><kwd>single-cell transcriptome</kwd><kwd>epigenetic targets</kwd><kwd>TCR T cell therapy</kwd><kwd>digital pathology</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>синовиальная саркома</kwd><kwd>микроокружение опухоли</kwd><kwd>иммунный ландшафт</kwd><kwd>пространственная биология</kwd><kwd>одноклеточный транскриптом</kwd><kwd>эпигенетические мишени</kwd><kwd>TCR-T-терапия</kwd><kwd>цифровая патология</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Hill LA, Scott RW, Martin LA, et al. 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