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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-2106</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9100</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">699960</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/medjrf699960</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">LHRUTU</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Biofilms as a risk factor for infectious complications in surgery: a review of modern prevention and eradication methods</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные методы профилактики и эрадикации биоплёнок как фактора риска инфекционных осложнений в хирургии: обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1165-6581</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sangova</surname><given-names>Diana F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сангова</surname><given-names>Диана Фердинатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>punk.scientist.fast@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6758-7583</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krutikova</surname><given-names>Elizaveta R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крутикова</surname><given-names>Елизавета Романовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yelizaveta.krutikova03@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0267-7536</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alyavetdinova</surname><given-names>Adelina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аляветдинова</surname><given-names>Аделина Ильдаровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ildarovna28@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0233-4246</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shaydullin</surname><given-names>Ilsur Sh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шайдуллин</surname><given-names>Ильсур Шамилевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ilsur5555555555440@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5974-2295</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valiyakhmetov</surname><given-names>Ilmir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валияхметов</surname><given-names>Ильмир Айдарович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ilmirv7@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2334-9176</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Garifyanov</surname><given-names>Danil L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гарифьянов</surname><given-names>Данил Ленарович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>danil.garifyanow@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6032-9671</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sadykova</surname><given-names>Elina M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садыкова</surname><given-names>Элина Муниповна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>elinoshka50@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6216-898X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volodin</surname><given-names>Roman O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Володин</surname><given-names>Роман Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gelog552@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6364-9292</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Salamatin</surname><given-names>Vladimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саламатин</surname><given-names>Владимир Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>voci4ka@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7570-2093</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Guseynova</surname><given-names>Leyla V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусейнова</surname><given-names>Лейла Видади кызы</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>brodskayaaal@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2519-863X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lbova</surname><given-names>Margarita L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лбова</surname><given-names>Маргарита Леонидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>margo.lbova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6750-1589</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Korneeva</surname><given-names>Angelina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корнеева</surname><given-names>Ангелина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>korneevaangel03@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Izhevsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ижевский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный медицинский университет имени Н.Н. Бурденко</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Irkutsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Izhevsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иркутский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-02-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>155</fpage><lpage>165</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-29"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-15"><day>15</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-05-12"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/699960">https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/699960</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review focuses on the analysis of bacterial biofilms as one of the most significant risk factors for the development and chronicity of infectious complications in surgery. Biofilms are structured communities of microorganisms encased in a protective exopolysaccharide matrix, which exhibit high resistance to standard antibiotic therapy and host immune factors through a combination of mechanisms, including limited diffusion of antibacterial agents, the presence of metabolically inactive persister cells, and active horizontal gene transfer of resistance determinants.</p> <p>This review systematizes data on the clinical significance of biofilms in implant-associated infections, chronic wounds, peritonitis, and mediastinitis. Modern diagnostic methods are examined in detail, highlighting the limitations of traditional microbiological culturing techniques and the significant potential of imaging approaches (specifically confocal microscopy), molecular genetic methods, and the value of detecting specific biofilm biomarkers.</p> <p>The section on prevention emphasizes the methods for modifying implant surfaces and the application of antimicrobial coatings during surgical procedures. Eradication strategies are analyzed from the perspective of a combined approach, encompassing radical surgical debridement of the infectious focus, physical methods (negative pressure wound therapy with instillation, ultrasonic cavitation), and contemporary pharmacotherapy principles that involve local and systemic antibiotic delivery. Promising innovative directions are highlighted separately, including the use of quorum-sensing inhibitors, bacteriophages producing depolymerases, enzymatic matrix degradation, electrochemical methods, and nanotechnological systems for targeted delivery of antibacterial agents.</p> <p>We emphasize the necessity of developing multimodal strategies that integrate surgical, physical, and pharmacological methods for the effective control of biofilm-associated infections, which is expected to subsequently reduce the incidence of postoperative complications.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Настоящий обзор посвящён анализу роли бактериальных биоплёнок как одного из наиболее значимых факторов риска развития и хронизации инфекционных осложнений в хирургии. Биоплёнки представляют собой структурированные сообщества микроорганизмов, заключённых в защитный экзополисахаридный матрикс, которые обладают высокой устойчивостью к стандартной антибиотикотерапии и факторам иммунитета за счёт комплекса механизмов, включающего ограниченную диффузию антибактериальных средств, наличие метаболически неактивных персистеров и активный горизонтальный перенос генов резистентности.</p> <p>В представленном обзоре систематизированы данные о клиническом значении биоплёнок при имплантат-ассоциированных инфекциях, хронических ранах, перитонитах и медиастинитах. Подробно рассмотрены современные методы диагностики, а также ограничения традиционных микробиологических методов культивирования и высокий потенциал визуализационных подходов (в частности, конфокальной микроскопии), молекулярно-генетических методов и определения специфических биомаркеров биоплёнок.</p> <p>В разделе профилактики особое внимание уделено методам модификации поверхностей имплантатов и применению антимикробных покрытий при хирургических операциях. Стратегии эрадикации проанализированы с позиции комбинированного подхода, включающего радикальную хирургическую санацию очага инфекции, физические методы (терапия отрицательным давлением с инстилляцией, ультразвуковая кавитация) и современные принципы фармакотерапии с локальным и системным способами доставки антибиотиков. Отдельно выделены перспективные инновационные направления: применение ингибиторов кворум-сенсинга и бактериофагов, продуцирующих деполимеразы; ферментативное разрушение матрикса; электрохимические методы и нанотехнологические системы для таргетной доставки антибактериальных средств.</p> <p>Авторами обозначена необходимость разработки мультимодальных стратегий, интегрирующих хирургические, физические и фармакологические методы для эффективного контроля над инфекциями, ассоциированными с образованием биоплёнок, что позволит в дальнейшем снизить число послеоперационных осложнений.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>surgical site infections</kwd><kwd>postoperative complications</kwd><kwd>biofilms</kwd><kwd>eradication</kwd><kwd>antibiotic resistance</kwd><kwd>surgical site infection prevention</kwd><kwd>wound debridement</kwd><kwd>surfactants</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хирургические инфекции</kwd><kwd>послеоперационные осложнения</kwd><kwd>биоплёнки</kwd><kwd>эрадикация</kwd><kwd>антибиотикорезистентность</kwd><kwd>профилактика хирургических инфекций</kwd><kwd>хирургическая обработка раны</kwd><kwd>поверхностно-активные вещества</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Uruén C, Chopo-Escuin G, Tommassen J, et al. 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