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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-2106</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9100</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">700550</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/medjrf700550</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">NYCEBT</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Systematic reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Систематические обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparative analysis of the frequency and nature of prosthetic and surgical complications associated with zygomatic, pterygomaxillary (pterygoid), and conventional dental implants: a systematic review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнительный анализ частоты и характера ортопедических и хирургических осложнений при применении зигоматических, птериго-максиллярных и классических дентальных имплантатов: систематический обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3875-1983</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bunyov</surname><given-names>Alexey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бунёв</surname><given-names>Алексей Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>byaleks02@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9084-0569</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4972-9959</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Uvarova</surname><given-names>Anna G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Уварова</surname><given-names>Анна Георгиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>uvarova.anna.ge@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5175-8641</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Toshmatova</surname><given-names>Saidabonu G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тошматова</surname><given-names>Саидабону Голибовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>saidabonu.toshmatova@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1461-1034</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rabaneeva</surname><given-names>Alina M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рабанеева</surname><given-names>Алина Маратовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kerroalina857@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7313-3543</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9091-2134</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Taranova</surname><given-names>Natalya Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Таранова</surname><given-names>Наталья Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nattaranova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4100-3756</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nedashkovsky</surname><given-names>Artemy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Недашковский</surname><given-names>Артемий Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>doveryayvrachu@vk.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8421-5131</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Meshcheryakova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мещерякова</surname><given-names>Ольга Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>olga.13.07.2000@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8341-6587</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Devletgeldiev</surname><given-names>Ramazan I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Девлетгелдиев</surname><given-names>Рамазан Ильясович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>devletgeldiev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4301-0931</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamakaeva</surname><given-names>Emilia M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамакаева</surname><given-names>Эмилия Муслимовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mamakayeva03@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4919-2428</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Magamadova</surname><given-names>Ayna R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Магамадова</surname><given-names>Айна Руслановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>a_m_211@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kuban State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кубанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Volgograd State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Волгоградский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North Ossetian State University named after Kosta Levanovich Khetagurov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Осетинский государственный университет имени Коста Левановича Хетагурова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>239</fpage><lpage>250</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-09"><day>09</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-09"><day>09</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-07-13"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/700550">https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/700550</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Rehabilitation of patients with severe maxillary atrophy can be performed using conventional implants (CI), zygomatic implants (ZI), and pterygomaxillary (pterygoid) implants (PI); these strategies differ in biomechanics and complication profiles.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>To compare the frequency and nature of surgical, biological, and prosthetic complications associated with ZI, PI, and CI, and to summarize data on survival and success, and marginal bone loss.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A PRISMA 2020–compliant systematic review was conducted. Searches were performed in MEDLINE and the Russian Science Citation Index up to November 1, 2025. Inclusion criteria were adults undergoing implant placement in the maxilla; outcomes included implant or prosthesis survival, complications, and bone loss. The study designs included randomized controlled trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, and case series. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2.0, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, and the National Institutes of Health tool. Due to substantial heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis was performed.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Nineteen studies were included. For CI, 5-year survival in randomized controlled trials ranged from 99% to 100% (4 vs 6 supports; no differences in bone loss), whereas at 10–20 years, survival decreased to 93% and 87%, respectively; short and ultrashort implants were not inferior to sinus augmentation protocols regarding survival and were less invasive. Technical complications were more frequent with four supports, particularly in patients with bruxism. For ZI, mid- and long-term survival ranged from 94% to 98%; the complication profile was shifted toward sinus-related and soft-tissue events, and chronic sinusitis occurred less often with extra- and extramaxillary trajectories than with an intrasinus approach. For PI, 1-year survival and success ranged from 88% to 98% depending on the criteria used; key risks included nerve injury, rare implant fractures, and prosthetic failures; first-year marginal bone loss served as an indicator of an unfavorable course; better stability was observed in D2 bone and with bicortical fixation.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>ZI, PI, and CI are complementary strategies with different complication profiles; method selection should consider anatomy, anticipated loading, and adherence to supportive care. Heterogeneity in outcome definitions and units of analysis limits meta-analysis; future studies require standardized criteria for success, peri-implantitis, mucositis, and reporting at the implant, patient, and prosthesis levels.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Реабилитация пациентов с выраженной атрофией верхней челюсти может выполняться с использованием классических (conventional implants, CI), скуловых (zygomatic implants, ZI) и птериго-максиллярных (птеригоидных) (pterygoid implants, PI) имплантатов; у этих стратегий различаются биомеханика и профиль осложнений.</p> <p><bold>Цель. </bold>Сопоставить частоту и характер хирургических, биологических и ортопедических осложнений при использовании ZI, PI и CI и обобщить данные по выживаемости и успеху, а также по маргинальной убыли кости.</p> <p><bold>Методы</bold><bold>. </bold>Проведён систематический обзор в соответствии с принципами Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020). Выполнен поиск в MEDLINE и «Российском индексе научного цитирования» до 1 ноября 2025 г. Критерии включения: взрослые с имплантацией в верхней челюсти; исходы — выживаемость имплантатов и протезов, осложнения, убыль костной ткани. Изучены рандомизированные контролируемые исследования, проспективные, ретроспективные когортные исследования, серии случаев. Риск систематической ошибки оценивали по RoB 2.0, шкале Ньюкасл–Оттава и шкале инсульта Национальных институтов здоровья. Из-за выраженной неоднородности данных проведён нарративный синтез.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>В обзор включено 19 исследований. Для CI 5-летняя выживаемость в рандомизированных контролируемых исследованиях составляла 99–100% (4 против 6 опор; различий по убыли костной ткани не выявлено), тогда как на горизонтах 10–20 лет наблюдалось снижение до 93 и 87% соответственно; короткие и ультракороткие имплантаты не уступали схемам с синус-аугментацией по выживаемости при меньшей инвазивности. Технические события чаще встречались в случае использования 4 опор, особенно при бруксизме. Для ZI средне- и долгосрочная выживаемость составляла 94–98%; профиль осложнений смещён в сторону синус-ассоциированных и мягкотканных событий, причём при экстрамаксиллярной траектории хронический синусит встречался реже, чем при интрасинусальном доступе. Для PI 1-летняя выживаемость и успех составляли 88–98% в зависимости от критериев; ключевые риски — повреждение нерва, редкие переломы имплантатов и протезные неудачи; убыль костной ткани в первый год выступала индикатором неблагоприятного течения; лучшая стабильность отмечалась в кости D2 и при двукортикальной фиксации.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>ZI, PI и CI — взаимодополняющие стратегии с различными профилями осложнений; выбор метода должен учитывать анатомию, ожидаемую нагрузку и готовность к поддерживающей терапии. Гетерогенность определений исходов и единиц анализа ограничивает метааналитику; будущие исследования нуждаются в стандартизации критериев «успеха», периимплантита, мукозита и отчётности на уровнях имплантата, пациента, протеза.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>severe maxillary atrophy</kwd><kwd>dental implantology</kwd><kwd>zygomatic implants</kwd><kwd>pterygoid (pterygomaxillary) implants</kwd><kwd>conventional implants</kwd><kwd>complications</kwd><kwd>implant survival</kwd><kwd>marginal bone loss</kwd><kwd>sinusitis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атрофия верхней челюсти</kwd><kwd>дентальная имплантация</kwd><kwd>скуловые имплантаты</kwd><kwd>птеригоидные (птериго-максиллярные) имплантаты</kwd><kwd>классические имплантаты</kwd><kwd>осложнения</kwd><kwd>выживаемость имплантатов</kwd><kwd>маргинальная убыль кости</kwd><kwd>синусит</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Terheyden H, Raghoebar GM, Sjöström M, et al. 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