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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский медицинский журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-2106</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9100</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">702071</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/medjrf702071</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">IYLOQZ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of islet autoantibody status in the association between HLA markers and the risk of type 1 diabetes in children</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль статуса аутоантител во взаимосвязи HLA-маркеров с риском сахарного диабета 1-го типа у детей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3293-4636</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5945-3266</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Korneva</surname><given-names>Kseniya G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корнева</surname><given-names>Ксения Георгиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>ksenkor@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Privolzhsky Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Приволжский исследовательский медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-07-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>230</fpage><lpage>238</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-02"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-30"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-07-13"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/702071">https://medjrf.com/0869-2106/article/view/702071</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Despite the leading role of HLA markers in genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (T1D), their prognostic value for individual risk assessment remains limited. The role of autoantibody status as a potential mediator or an independent factor in the association between HLA markers and the development of T1D in children remains understudied.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>To evaluate the role of islet autoantibody status as a mediating factor in the association between HLA markers and the risk of T1D in children.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The study included 423 participants: 257 patients aged 0–17 years with newly diagnosed T1D and 166 of their healthy biological siblings. The median age in both groups was 8 years, and males accounted for 58% of the participants. All individuals were tested for islet autoantibodies (AAbs) (GADA, IA-2A, IAA, ZnT8A, and ICA) and underwent HLA genotyping of alleles un the HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, -DQ, and -DP loci. Blood samples were collected within 1–2 days of admission in patients with T1D and on an outpatient basis in healthy siblings.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Patients with T1D showed higher frequencies and concentrations of AAbs, particularly ZnT8A, IA-2A, and GADA. Classical high-risk haplotypes DR3-DQ2 and DR4-DQ8 were more frequently observed in patients with T1D. The HLA-B*08:01 allele and the DRB1*08:01-DQA1*04:01-DQB1*04:02 haplotype were more common in patients with T1D, whereas the DPB1*04:02 allele was more characteristic of healthy siblings. Some HLA markers were associated with T1D independently of AAb status, whereas for others, the association with the disease was primarily observed in the presence of AAbs.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>These findings suggest that the contribution of HLA markers to T1D development may be mediated through distinct mechanisms, some involving the autoantibody response and others independent of it. Combined assessment of HLA genotypes and AAb status may improve risk stratification and increase the effectiveness of early screening in children.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Несмотря на ведущую роль HLA-маркеров в генетической предрасположенности к сахарному диабету 1-го типа (СД1), их прогностическая ценность при индивидуальной оценке риска ограничена. Роль аутоантительного статуса как возможного посредника или независимого фактора во взаимосвязи HLA-маркеров с развитием СД1 у детей изучена недостаточно.</p> <p><bold>Цель. </bold>Оценить роль аутоантительного статуса как опосредующего фактора во взаимосвязи HLA-маркеров с риском развития СД1 у детей.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>В исследование включены 423 участника: 257 пациентов с впервые выявленным СД1 в возрасте 0–17 лет и 166 их здоровых родных братьев и сестёр. Медианный возраст в группах составил 8 лет, доля лиц мужского пола — 58%. Всем участникам определяли островковые аутоантитела (ААТ) GADA, IA-2A, IAA, ZnT8A, ICA и выполняли HLA-типирование аллелей генов в локусах HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, -DQ и -DP. Забор крови у пациентов с СД1 проводили в течение 1–2 дней после госпитализации, у здоровых сибсов — амбулаторно.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>У пациентов с СД1 отмечались более высокая частота выявления и концентрация ААТ, особенно ZnT8A, IA-2A и GADA. Классические гаплотипы высокого риска DR3-DQ2 и DR4-DQ8 чаще наблюдались у пациентов с СД1. Аллель HLA-B*08:01 и гаплотип DRB1*08:01-DQA1*04:01-DQB1*04:02 чаще выявлялись у пациентов с СД1, тогда как аллель DPB1*04:02 был характерен для здоровых сибсов. Показано, что часть HLA-маркеров связана с СД1 независимо от статуса ААТ, тогда как для других маркеров наиболее часто связь с заболеванием выявлялась при наличии ААТ.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Полученные данные показывают, что вклад HLA-маркеров в развитие СД1 может реализовываться через различные механизмы: с участием аутоантительного ответа и независимо от него. Совместная оценка HLA-генетических маркеров и статуса ААТ позволяет уточнить риск развития заболевания и может повысить эффективность раннего скрининга у детей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>type 1 diabetes</kwd><kwd>HLA markers</kwd><kwd>islet autoantibodies</kwd><kwd>immunogenetic heterogeneity</kwd><kwd>preclinical screening</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет 1-го типа</kwd><kwd>HLA-маркеры</kwd><kwd>островковые аутоантитела</kwd><kwd>иммуногенетическая гетерогенность</kwd><kwd>доклинический скрининг</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Noble JA. Fifty years of HLA-associated type 1 diabetes risk: history, current knowledge, and future directions. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1457213. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1457213 EDN: GBYFJS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Felton JL, Redondo MJ, Oram RA, et al. 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