Vol 100, No 12 (2021)
- Year: 2021
- Published: 23.12.2021
- Articles: 26
- URL: https://medjrf.com/0016-9900/issue/view/9600
PROBLEM-SOLVING ARTICLES
Assessment of health risks from environmental factors. 16 Years of collaboration between the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), hygiene and environmental organizations in the Russian Federation: results and reflections
Abstract
Environmental health risk assessment has a long history in both the United States and Russia. Risk assessment methods have arisen and developed to protect against the dangers of the forced use of tens of thousands of chemicals in the modern world. Because chemicals play such an important role, it is impossible to ban their use altogether, and the task of their safe use becomes more and more critical. With the solution of this problem, the creation of modern environmental legislation began, based on an assessment of the hazard or potential hazard associated with the impact of these substances on humans. Risk assessment has become the scientific basis for calculating exposure limits for many chemicals that pollute the environment. Since compliance with environmental legislation is costly to industry, methods have been developed. They are being improved on to quantify the burden of proof and the appropriateness of environmental quality regulation. Environmental Health Risk Assessment was first developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Russia has accumulated a great deal of practical experience in assessing environmental risks and developing appropriate methodological recommendations. Thus, the basis was created for long-term cooperation between the two countries. This article summarizes the history of such collaboration, including a joint project to disseminate practical risk assessment in Ukraine.
Contribution:
Brody M. — concept, design and writing;
Avaliani S.L. — writing and editing the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The project in Ukraine was funded by the US EPA under an agreement with the US Department of State to implement the Freedom Support Act (1992), which provided financial assistance to foreign countries. The project in Russia was also funded by the US Department of State under a financial assistance program provided to the International Science and Technology Center by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Several participating institutions in Russia and Ukraine paid for the work of their specialists involved in these projects. The study had no sponsorship.
We thank Dr Alexander Golub of the American University, who was then working for the Environmental Defense Fund; Dr Andrey Serdyuk, Director of the Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology named after A.M. Marzeeva of the National Academy of Medical Sciences in Kyiv; Dr Elena (Olena) Turos, Director of the Center for Health Risk Assessment under the auspices of the Marzeev Institute; Oleg Kartavtseva and Arina Petrosyan from the Center for Health Risk Assessment in Kyiv; Dr Georgy Safonov from the Higher School of Economics in Moscow; and Angelica Shamerina and Vadim Diukanov, then at Counterpart International, Washington DC). We would also like to thank Doctors M. Kombarova, A. Radilov and V. Rembovsky from the Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology in the Leningrad Region for their technical assistance in carrying out scientific work. We are also grateful to Dr Jane Caldwell, then at the USEPA Office of Research and Development, who provided specialist training for the projects we mentioned.
Received: October 19, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
Assessment of the relationship of exacerbations of diseases of the cardiovascular system with the meteorological situation
Abstract
Introduction. The impact of weather factors on the occurrence of exacerbations of diseases in meteodependent people is currently one of the actively studied problems of medicine.
The aim of the study was to identify the relationship between exacerbations of diseases of the cardiovascular system with the meteorological situation to substantiate the need for preventive and informational work with meteodependent patients.
Material and research methods. The study used daily data on the number of patients with cardiovascular diseases seeking medical care at Voronezh City Polyclinic No. 18 and daily information on weather conditions for 2018. The ratio of the average number of cases of medical assistance requests on days unfavourable for meteorological factors to the average number of cases of medical assistance requests per day during the year was calculated. Using software (Statistica Base V6.1), a correlation analysis of the relationship between the number of medical requests and meteorological factors was carried out.
Results. It has been established that the appealability of patients with cardiovascular diseases for medical care on days unfavourable for meteorological factors is 1.1–2.0 times higher than the average annual indicator. The most informative characteristic of the six meteorological indicators taken into account in the study (average daily, minimum, maximum ambient air temperature; temperature drops by more than eight °C per day; atmospheric pressure; atmospheric pressure drops by 12 mm Hg per day or more) is a sharp drop in atmospheric pressure during the day, with which statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlates the number of cases of patients with cardiovascular diseases seeking medical help.
Conclusion. In medical institutions providing primary health care, it is advisable to single out separate groups of patients with meteorological dependence for dynamic observation and conduct information work with them to mitigate the severity of the course of diseases of the cardiovascular system on days unfavourable according to meteorological indicators.
Contribution:
Kolyagina N.M. — the concept and design of the study, collected primary information, summary of results, conclusions;
Berezhnova T.A. — general management of the study, consulting in the process of implementation;
Mamchik N.P. — writing a text;
Klepikov O.V., Yeprintsev S.A. — preparation of databases of indicators, statistical processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The authors express their gratitude to Alexander Ivanovich Sushkov, Head of the Voronezh Center for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Central Chernozem Department for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring", for providing data on daily meteorological indicators for 2018 on the territory of the city of Voronezh free of charge.
Data analysis was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant (project No. 19-05-00660 A “Development of a model for optimizing social and environmental conditions for the population of large cities”).
Received: June 17, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



Assessment of the public health status under the influence of odourous emission components of food and agro-industrial enterprises
Abstract
Introduction. This paper studied the impact of atmospheric air pollution by odourous emissions of enterprises on the health, quality of life, and various somatic and emotional disorders in the population of the neighbouring residential areas.
Material and methods. According to official medical statistics, the analysis of the incidence rate of residents of a municipality with a population of about 50 thousand people, where there are objects of the agro-industrial complex and food industry that are sources of pronounced odours data. The study of the influence of air pollution with odourous substances on health, emotional state and quality of life was conducted by a questionnaire survey of residents living at various distances from enterprises that are sources of odours.
Results. The incidence rate of digestive system diseases in the studied municipality is 1.6 and 1.9 times higher than in Russia. The incidence rate of endocrine system diseases and metabolic disorders is 2.2 and 2.4 times higher, respectively. The survey results showed the presence of several sources of “offensive” odours in the municipality, primarily the enterprises for the production of bone meal and instant coffee. The survey enabled to identify the priority pathologies in residents of the nearest territories: diseases of the endocrine system, digestive organs, and circulatory system, the frequency of which decreases with distance from enterprises, which is consistent with the results of the study on the incidence rate in the present territory. This may be because odours present in the atmospheric air contribute to the state of maladaptive stress, the main targets of which are the digestive organs and the endocrine system.
Conclusion. Atmospheric air pollution with odourous substances is one of the indicators affecting the health of the population and making a significant contribution to the formation of the incidence structure of residential areas located near the sources of odours.
Contribution:
Goshin M.E. — concept and research design, collection and processing of material, text writing;
Sabirova Z.F. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, editing;
Budarina O.V. — research concept and design, text writing, editing;
Ingel F.I. — concept and design of research, collection and processing of material;
Shipulina Z.V., Valtseva E.A. — collection and processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The research was carried out as part of state assignment No. 388-00102-20-02
Received: September 28, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



Study of the relationship between antibiotic resistance markers and virulence markers in NDM-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae strains circulating in various waters and human loci
Abstract
Introduction. The propagation of multi-resistance to antibiotics among hospital isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is a subject of growing concern worldwide. At present, growing data of association between resistance and hypervirulence in clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae emerges. However, the occurrence of these pathogens in the environment remains an open question.
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare antibiotic resistance determinants occurrence in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from water sources (environmental and sewage), human sources (practically healthy people and patients with inflaammatory bowel disease (IBD), and extraintestinal infections (ExII)).
Materials and methods. The PCR assay of carbapenemase genes IMP, NDM, VIM, KPC, OXA-48 was performed with the commercial “Amplisense” kits according to the manufacturer's instructions. The assay was used to evaluate the occurrence of antibiotic-resistance genes in 223 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniaе from various sources: 42 isolates from sewage, 19 isolates from surface water sources, 30 isolates from biological material (blood, urine, surgical wounds, bronchoalveolar lavage) of patients with extraintestinal infections (ExII), 69 isolates from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and 63 isolates from faeces of practically healthy people.
Results. The ExII group revealed various antibiotic resistance genes. The most prevalent gene was OXA (30% had this gene only, other 26,6% had also KPC or NDM). NDM as the only resistance gene was observed in 23,3% of ExII isolates. KPC gene was observed in 3,3% of ExII group. Two isolates from IBD group contained NDM gene along with VIM gene. Only NDM gene was found in all the other groups of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates (13-28% isolates in every group, no statistical difference). NDM was shown to be associated with virulence genes iutA and rmpA that are responsible for iron consumption and hypermucoid phenotype.
Conclusion. The most abundant resistance genes in the studied Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were NDM (13.5%) and ОХА (8%). At the same time, NDM was the only gene found in all groups (11-28%). NDM metallobeta-lactamase gene was associated with rmpA and iutA genes, giving an example of the connection between virulence and resistance properties. A significant amount of resistant isolates from healthy donors and surface waters indicates the need for additional study of the role of NDM positive isolates in pathogenicity of Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Contribution:
Pay G.V. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, performing the experiments, statistical processing, writing, editing;
Rakitina D.V. — performing the experiments, writing;
Sukhina M.A. — collection of clinical material;
Yudin S.M. — editing, approval of the final version of the article;
Makarov V.V. — editing, approval of the final version of the article;
Maniya T.R. — collection and processing of material, editing;
Zagaynova A.V. — concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The research was carried out within the framework of the research work “Development of technologies for cryopreservation and archiving of biological samples of human microecological resources (code“Cryobank”)»№ АААА-А18-118020590091-2.
Received: July 22, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



International approaches to hazard assessment and classification of endocrine disruptors
Abstract
Introduction. The problems of the impact of endocrine disruptors on human health and the environment are of serious concern today at the international, regional and national levels. Although the first mention about an ability of a substance to harm the endocrine system back in the 60th of the XX century, the issues of substantiating the criteria for classifying it as endocrine disruptors, identifying potential disruptors of the endocrine system, assessing and classifying their danger to health and the environment with the purpose of further regulation.
The aim of the study. To study of world experience in classifying chemical compounds as endocrine disruptors; creating a list of chemicals circulating on the territory of the Russian Federation that can potentially affect the endocrine system; selection of criteria for their classification according to the degree of hazard.
The material for the analysis was literature sources from the bibliographic databases Web of Science, MedLine, EMBASE, Global Health, PubMed, Scopus, RSCI. The documents of international organizations, the European Union, the USA, Canada, Japan, India and other states on the hazard assessment, classification and regulation of endocrine disruptors have been studied and analyzed. Considering international experience, the criteria for classifying chemical compounds as endocrine disruptors have been substantiated, including three main components: an adverse effect on the body, an endocrine mechanism of action, and a biological relationship between endocrine activity and an adverse effect. A comparative analysis of the hazard classifications of endocrine disruptors developed by the EU and India showed to be based on the principles of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Hazards of Chemicals and Mixtures. Considering the limited scientific knowledge about substances capable of destroying the endocrine system, it is advisable to introduce class 3 for substances with limited data obtained in “in vitro” experiments in invertebrates tests.
Conclusion. International approaches to the selection, assessment and classification of chemicals that have a potential impact on the endocrine system will allow for the first time in the Russian Federation to form a national list of endocrine disruptors, to identify substances that are the priority in terms of hazard and degree of risk for making relevant management decisions.
Contribution:
Khamidulina Kh.Kh. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, text writing, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Tarasova E.V. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, editing;
Zamkova I.V. — collection and processing of material;
Dorofeeva E.V., Araslanov I.N., Aniskova Yu.Yu., Proskurina A.S., Rabikova D.N. — collection and processing of material.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study was funded by the state program “Ensuring the chemical and biological safety of the Russian Federation”.
Received: November 23, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



Justification of measures to protect against exposure nicotine-containing products in enclosed spaces
Abstract
Introduction. The introduction of amendments and additions to the anti-smoking Federal Law No. 15-FZ of 23.02.2013 in 2020 contributed to the cardinal revision of the name of this law and the introduction of a ban on consumption of any nicotine-containing products in public places. There are no separate, specially allocated isolated premises provided for the consumption of tobacco products and other types of nicotine-containing products by law, even though specially conducted studies have shown significantly different levels of additional inhalation risk arising from air pollution when consuming tobacco products and electronic nicotine delivery systems or heating tobacco.
The aim of the study: based on experimental data, to justify the multiplicity of air exchange in unique isolated rooms designed to protect against the effects of ambient tobacco smoke, the consequences of tobacco consumption or nicotine-containing products.
Materials and methods. The study was subject to 3 types of nicotine-containing products: tobacco cigarettes (cigarettes), an electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) and an electronic tobacco heating system (ETHS). In the course of the study were carried out: a series of experiments on the consumption of nicotine-containing products in various ways in a specially equipped indoor room, air sampling and laboratory studies were performed, the gross and specific emissions of chemicals entering the air environment from one unit of production per hour were calculated, the selection of priority chemicals for calculating the air removed from the room when using nicotine-containing products of each type was carried out, the necessary level of air exchange of premises was calculated, intended for the consumption of tobacco or nicotine.
Results. The indoor air quality assessment showed that the main components of the gross intake into the air environment are suspended particles and carbon monoxide when smoking cigarettes. However, taking into account the values of the maximum permissible concentrations, the most significant contribution to the integral indicator is made by acetaldehyde and suspended particles PM10 and PM2.5. Using ENDS, the most significant pollutants were acetaldehyde and carbon monoxide, using ETHS — acetaldehyde and suspended particles PM10 and PM2.5. For all the investigation types of products, the priority substance for calculating the removed air is acetaldehyde, its share in the structure of all detected pollutants was: for cigarettes — 56.27%, for ENDS — 62.7%, for ETHS — 82.51%, in connection with which its specific values can be used to calculate the consumption of the removed air when modelling a specially allocated room intended for the consumption of tobacco products and other types of nicotine-containing products.
Conclusion. The obtained findings demonstrated an obvious, more than 10-fold difference in the requirements for air exchange of premises intended for cigarette smoking and premises intended for the consumption of ENDS or ETHS, at the same intensity of consumption. Therefore, when organizing specially designated places for smoking or the consumption of nicotine-containing products, it is advisable to separate them depending on the type of products consumed: tobacco smoking separately, ENDS and ETHS consumption separately.
Contribution:
Iakubova I.Sh. — concept and research design, choice of analytical methods, primary processing and analysis of measurement results, literature review, collection and processing of experimental materials, statistical processing, writing text, editing, approval of the final version of the article;
Zaritskaya E.V. — concept and research design, choice of analytical methods, primary processing and analysis of measurement results, collection and processing of experimental materials, statistical processing, approval of the final version of the article;
Alikbaeva L.A. — literature review, writing text, editing, approval of the final version of the article;
Suvorova A.V. — literature review, editing;
Ivanova E.V. — collection and processing of experimental materials, statistical processing.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Conclusion of the ethics committee. The study with the participation of volunteers was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov of the Ministry of Health of Russia (Protocol of November 20, 2019, No. 11).
Received: July 7, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



The relationship of polymorphic variants of genes GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 with the risk of developing diseases (literature review)
Abstract
Authors analyzed the relationship of the most studied polymorphisms of glutathione-S-transferase genes (GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1) with the risk of developing diseases in the territory of the Russian Federation. The authors analyzed domestic articles on gene polymorphisms and their association with various conditions. A systematic review of scientific papers was carried out using the following electronic databases: Cyberleninka, Electronic Library and Google Scholar, which searched for glutathione transferase (GST) gene polymorphisms from 1900 to 2020. The following keywords were used for the search: “GST polymorphism”. The search for articles was carried out in English but took into account the results obtained only in the territory of the Russian Federation. The search for scientific publications was independently checked and compared to filter out duplicate articles. The sample size, the number of loci included in the analysis, and the analyzed population (ethnic group) are essential in studying the relationship between glutathione S-transferase gene polymorphisms and the development of diseases. In general, the analysis of the articles makes it possible to reveal the association between the polymorphisms of the glutathione-S-transferase genes and the high risk of developing oncological diseases, respiratory diseases and other pathologies. This article did not consider the relationship of polymorphisms with reproductive pathologies because this topic includes a large amount of work and requires separate consideration. The least studied issue is the relationship between polymorphisms of genes for biotransformation of xenobiotics and the development of occupational diseases.
Contribution. All co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: October 13, 2021 / Accepted: November, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
External exposure levels and fluoride content in the urine of workers at aluminium electrolysis
Abstract
Introduction. In the context of large-scale modernization and intensification of aluminium production, it becomes relevant to assess the actual fluoride loads and the main factors that determine the occupational exposure of workers to fluorides for health risk analysis.
Materials and methods. Monitoring studies of the content of hydrofluoride and aerosols of fluoride salts in the air of electrolysis shops were carried out with traditional and modernized technologies for producing aluminium and fluorine in urine in 108 workers of the primary professions and 35 people in the control group. Determination of the concentration of fluorides was carried out by photometric methods, and fluorine in urine — by ionometric methods.
Results. The total concentration of fluoride compounds in the air of the modernized shops was 1.4-2.1 times lower than the values in traditional shops. The fluoride content in the urine of workers in these workshops ranged from 0.8 to 4.7 mg/l, 1.1-6.7 times higher than the level of the control group and 1.1-2.3 times the limit value of the biological exposure index. The highest external and internal fluoride loads and associated health risks are found in workers who maintain electrolyzers and anodes. A closer, noticeable (r = 0.644) correlation was found between the content of fluoride in urine and the levels of gaseous hydrofluoride in the air, indicating its predominant effect on workers compared to other determinants (total concentration of fluorides, seniority and age).
Conclusion. The studies’ results indicate a high additional informative value and reliability of biomonitoring of fluoride in urine, which, combined with analysis of air pollution with fluorides, provides a completely objective assessment of the risk of exposure to workers. The presence of high levels of hydrofluoride in the air of electrolysis shops creates a higher occupational health risk for workers.
Contribution:
Shayakhmetov S.F. — the concept and design of the study, writing a text;
Merinov A.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing;
Lisetskaya L.G. — collection and processing of material;
Meshchakova N.M. — a collection of literature data;
Rukavishnikov V.S. — editing the article.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. Financing of the work was carried out at the expense of funds allocated for the state assignment of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.
Received: August 2, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



Assessment of changes in the main homeostasis indicators in mammals after hyperthermic exposure
Abstract
Introduction. The occupation of firefighters is characterized by the impact of both hazardous fire factors and a complex of harmful and dangerous characteristics of various natures, often exceeding the expected values. High air temperature is typical for almost all types of fire and is one of the main adverse physical factors affecting the body of firefighters. Experimental models on animals are of leading importance in studying extreme fire factors, including hyperthermic exposure.
Material and methods. The study was carried out on 124 outbred white male rats of 3 months of age weighing 250-300 g, divided randomly into two groups. The first group (62 rats) was subjected to a single hyperthermic load. The second group (62 rats) was subjected to daily hyperthermic load during 14 days.
The study of the leading indicators of the acid-base state and water-electrolyte balance, biochemical and clinical blood tests, cellular and humoral immunity was carried out before and after hyperthermic exposure.
Results. The obtained data indicate high ambient temperatures cause changes in homeostasis indices in laboratory animals. At the same time, there are alterations in the indicators of water-electrolyte balance, acid-base state, clinical and biochemical blood tests and the immune system.
Conclusion. An experimental model of extreme heat exposure on animals showed the emergence and persistence of changes in the leading indicators of homeostasis. In the group of single hyperthermia, these parameters were restored to the background levels in a day. In the group of multiple hyperthermia, they remained altered.
Contribution:
Kriyt V.E. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Sladkova Yu.N. — collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Sannikov M.V. — editing;
Pyatibrat A.O. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
The conclusion of the committee on biomedical ethics: the Local ethics committee of the North-West Public Health Research Center of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing approved this study carried out under the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive of the European Parliament and Council of the European Union 2010/63/EU of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.
Received: October 19, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



The combined action of lead and physical load in a subchorionic experiment on rats
Abstract
Introduction. Exposure to lead associated with working conditions (especially in mining and metallurgical production) is usually combined with muscular work. However, the influence of this combination on the pathological process development has not been thoroughly studied.
Materials and methods. During six weeks, white outbred male rats received intraperitoneal lead acetate at a dose of 11 mg / kg, corresponding to 1/20 LD50, three times a week and/or five times a week physical exercises (forced running for 10 minutes at a speed of 25 m/min).
Results. As can be seen from the results, lead caused statistically significant shifts in 33.5% of the organism’s status indices, pointing to the onset of a moderate subchronic intoxication. Content of coproporphyrin in urine and percentage of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood increased, the average content of haemoglobin in the erythrocyte decreased. Under physical activity the harmful effect of lead enhanced in 23.7% of indices and weakened in 28.9% of indices. We did not find changes in 47.4% of indices.
Conclusion. Lead intoxication changes ambiguously under the influence of physical exercises. The type of combined effect of lead toxicity and physical activities depends on the outcome by which this type is assessed, on this outcome’s level and the dose ratio.
Contribution:
Minigalieva I.A. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Ryabova Yu.V. — concept and design of research, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, preparation of drawings, writing the text;
Sutunkova M.P. — concept and design of the study;
Gurvich V.B. — editing;
Privalova L.I. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Panov V.G. — statistical processing, preparation of drawings;
Klinova S.V. — concept and design of research, collection and processing of material, statistical processing;
Solovieva S.N. — the concept and design of the study;
Sakhautdinova R.R. — collection and processing of material;
Katsnelson B.A. — research concept and design, editing.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
The conclusion of the committee on biomedical ethics: the Local ethics committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers approved this study carried out under the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive of the European Parliament and Council of the European Union 2010/63/EU of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.
Received: October 16, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



Assessment of the quality of life related to the health of workers in the aluminium industry with broncholuminal diseases
Abstract
Introduction. Chronic occupational disease of the bronchopulmonary system can significantly impact the quality of life of patients.
The aim of the study is to assess the quality of life associated with the health of workers with bronchopulmonary pathology in the aluminium industry.
Materials and methods. The study involved 130 men with occupational pathology of the respiratory system (chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), bronchial asthma (BA), chronic non-obstructive bronchitis (CNOB) and a combination of COPD + BA) aged 43 to 72 years (mean age 59.7 ± 8.4 years). The comparison group included 84 men — residents of the Irkutsk region (the average age was 50.2 ± 7.2 years), comparable with patients in social conditions and not in contact with harmful production factors. The health-related quality of life (HRQL) was assessed according to the Russified modification of the SF-36 method, respiratory function using spirometry. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the software package “Statistica 6.0”.
Results. Assessment of the quality of life of patients with occupational chronic bronchopulmonary pathology revealed low values of assessments on all scales of HRQL, both in the group as a whole (p < 0.05) and depending on the nosological form (p < 0.001). Taking into account the severity of spirometric data, it was found that in grade III — the intensity of pain (36 (22-41) points) was more pronounced than in groups I (41 (41-55) points) and II (41 (22-42) ) points) degrees of severity.
Conclusion. The data obtained indicate that bronchopulmonary pathology harms the HRQL, determining the low total physical and mental health (33.0 ± 3.9 and 45.1 ± 4.8 points, respectively), causing low physical and mental well-being can be an obstacle to normal social functioning.
Contribution:
Beigel E.A. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Katamanova E.V., Kazakova P.V. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text, editing;
Shayakhmetov S.F. — collection and processing of material, editing.
All authors — approval of the final version of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. This work was carried out within the framework of state assignment.
Received: October 18, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



Pulsed magnetic stimulation in combination with pneumomassage in the therapy of patients with professional sensorineural hearing loss
Abstract
Introduction. There are many methods for treating sensorineural hearing loss (SHL) of the occupational origin, which indicates insufficient effectiveness and an active search for more advanced therapy methods.
Objective of the study: to evaluate changes in the state of the central nervous system pathways under the influence of a magnetic field and the long-term period.
Materials and Methods. There were treated fifty two aviation workers with SHL of the occupational origin with moderate hearing loss. Pulsed magnetic stimulation (MS) and pneumatic massage of the tympanic membrane were used. Before and after treatment, electroencephalography was performed with the registration of visual and auditory evoked potentials (EP), somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), psychological testing, and the study of higher mental functions in terms of short-term and delayed verbal memory, attention function.
Results. After treatment, there was an improvement in speech intelligibility in 62% of cases, a decrease in the intensity of the tinnitus and head noise in 44% of cases, there was an improvement in the indicators of audiometric research and acumetry data from both sides. There was a statistically significant increase in the α-rhythm, the time of the pulse passing through the central afferent structures increased, the indicators of operative verbal memory, and the productivity of long-term memorization, the volume and stability of attention increased.
Conclusion. The effectiveness of pulse MS in treating patients with occupational SHL has been proven. The prospects of using pulsed MS in combination with pneumatic massage in occupational pathology were shown, which was confirmed by positive changes in objective and subjective indicators characterizing the condition of patients immediately after the therapy sessions and a year after treatment.
Contribution:
Tikhonova I.V., Rusаnova D.V. — research concept and design, material collection and processing, text writing, editing;
Kuleshova M.V., Katamanova E.V. — collecting and processing material, writing text, editing;
Lakhman О.L., Pankov V.A. — research concept and design, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. This work was carried out within the framework of state assignment.
Conclusion of the ethical committee of the East Siberian Institute of Medical and Environmental Research: the publication of the article was approved on the basis that the studies were performed in accordance with the developed protocols, the principles set forth in the Helsinki Declaration on Medical Research in Human, International Harmonized Tripartite Rules of Good Clinical Practice, National Standard of the Russian Federation “Good Clinical Practice”, Good Pharmacoepidemiological Practice (GPP), Good Epidemiological Practice (GEP) are in line with standard operating procedures: research does not infringe upon the rights or endanger the well-being of research subjects; the risk for research subjects is minimized, all possibilities are taken into account to guarantee their safety; the risk to research subjects does not exceed the expected benefit and scientific value.
Received: October 1, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



Assessment of the state of health of teachers of secondary schools
Abstract
Introduction. Among the leading risk factors affecting the teaching contingent in their labour activity, psychoemotional stress, load on the vocal apparatus, hypodynamia, and prolonged forced posture are distinguished. As a result of hypodynamia — there is a violation of blood circulation, deterioration of the venous and lymphatic systems and further development of arterial hypertension (AH), overweight, varicose veins (VV), a decrease in the body’s immune forces, leading to frequent colds and chronic pathology of ENT organs. Therefore, the study of the health status of teachers, the prevention of diseases is an urgent task today.
The purpose of the study is to assess the health status of teachers in general education schools based on many clinical and ultrasound examinations.
Materials and methods. The object of the research was 78 teachers of secondary schools. All subjects were females, with an average age of 53.4 ± 8.3 years, an average work experience of 32.1 ± 9.1 years. Clinical and ultrasound examinations were carried out.
Results. During clinical examination by narrow specialists, the detection of ENT organ pathology in the study group per 100 examined patients was 52 cases (66.6 ± 6.5%), 89 (114.1 ± 4.3%) cases — therapeutic pathology (among which arterial hypertension prevailed), 56 (71.8 ± 6.1%) cases of the endocrine system and 72 (92.3 ± 3.2%) cases of diseases of the nervous system. The frequency of pathological changes in the abdominal cavity and urinary system during screening ultrasound was 86% of cases, the thyroid gland — 70.0 ± 1.0% of cases.
Conclusion. A clinical examination of the health status of teachers with more than ten years of experience has established one of the first places to be occupied by therapeutic pathology, in the form of CVS diseases, in the second place are diseases of the nervous system (vertebral pathology), the third-place belongs to diseases of the ENT organs and the endocrine system.
Contribution:
Katamanova E.V. — concept and design of the study, writing the text, formatting and editing the article;
Tikhonova I.V. — concept and design of the study, collection of material and data processing, text writing;
Kodinets I.N. — collection of material and data processing, statistical processing;
Kovalchuk N.V. — collection of material and data processing;
Pavlenko N.A. — collection of material and data processing, text writing.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: October 11, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



Spectrum of esterified fatty acids of the omega-3 and omega-6 in the blood of persons with vibration pathology
Abstract
Introduction. Vibration is one of the leading unfavourable physical factors of the working environment and leads to vibration disease (VD) development. The study of metabolic profiles of markers of fatty acids (FA) metabolism is one of the directions in the early diagnosis of vascular diseases and metabolic syndrome (MS), caused, among other things, by exposure to vibration.
The aim of this work is to study the spectrum of esterified fatty acids of the omega-3 and omega-6 families in the blood of patients with vibration disease (VD) and combination with metabolic syndrome (MS).
Materials and methods. The study involved 66 people, divided into two groups: Group I — 34 patients with an established diagnosis of VD; Group II — 32 patients with an established diagnosis of VD in combination with metabolic syndrome (MS). The levels of esterified forms (EF) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the ω-3 and ω-6 families in blood plasma samples were determined using the method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on an Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph with an Agilent 5975C mass selective detector.
Results. The distribution of quantitative indices of PUFA of the ω-3 and ω-6 families in the examined groups was studied. In VD patients with MS, compared with VD patients, there was a statistically significant increase in the level of eicosapentaenoic, α-linolenic acids of the ω-3 family, the sum of ω-3 PUFAs, γ-linolenic and linoleic acids of the ω-6 family.
Conclusion. The study of the quantitative indices of EF of the families ω-3 and ω-6 in the blood plasma of VD patients with MS showed the levels of ω-6 to be 4.5-5.4 times statistically higher than the levels of ω-3 fatty acids.
Contribution:
Zhurba O.M. — the concept and design of the study, collection of literature data, writing a text, editing, research;
Merinov A.V. — collection of literature data, material processing, statistical analysis, text writing;
Alekseenko A.N. — collection and processing of the material, research;
Kudaeva I.V. — organization of research, justification of the research program, editing.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. Financing of the work was carried out at the expense of funds allocated for the state assignment of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.
Received: September 7, 2021 / Accepted: November, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



Features of formation somatic pathologies under chronic exposure to hydrofluoride in the manufacture of titanic alloys
Abstract
Introduction. Most studies on the morbidity of workers with fluorine compounds are devoted to occupational medicine at aluminium industry enterprises.
The aim of the study is to identify the exposure, gender and evolutionary features of the formation of general somatic morbidity associated with chronic occupational exposure to hydrofluoride in the production of titanium alloys.
Materials and methods. The analysis of the prevalence of chronic pathology according to the medical examination of 562 workers in contact with hydrofluoride and the incidence of temporary disability according to 29949 disability sheets in comparison with non-exposed persons of the same enterprise is given.
Results. With an increase in the degree of harmfulness of working conditions, there was an augmentation increase in the risk of developing pathology of the respiratory organs, eyes, musculoskeletal system, arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. In the working conditions of Class 3.1, an increased prevalence of diseases of the nervous and genitourinary systems with a moderate degree of occupational conditionality was revealed (relative risks (RR) 1.6 and 2.0, respectively, р < 0.05), class 3.2 — a high degree of professional conditionality of respiratory diseases (RR = 2.8). When working in harmful working conditions, there was an average degree of occupational conditionality of nervous system diseases in women (RR = 1.9) and a small degree of arterial hypertension in men (RR = 1.2). The prevalence of general somatic pathology in all age groups was higher than in non-exposed persons of the same age.
Conclusion. Hydrofluoride in the production of titanium alloys was proved to be a trigger contributing to the formation of the pathology of the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, ear, eyes, skin, blood, musculoskeletal, nervous, endocrine, and genitourinary systems.
Conribution:
Bazarova E.L. — research concept and design, material collection and data processing, statistical processing, literature data collection, text writing;
Fedoruk A.A. — research concept and design, writing, editing;
Osherov I.S. — concept and design of the study;
Roslaya N.A. — writing text, editing;
Babenko A.G. — material collection and data processing, statistical processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: November 11, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



Comparative analysis of the main occupations working conditions in the copper production by pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods in Russia
Abstract
Introduction. The primary materials for copper production are sulfide copper-nickel and oxidized ores with a copper percentage of 1.5-4%, traditionally processed by the pyrometallurgical method. For processing depleted copper-containing raw materials (less than 1%), the pyrometallurgical approach is not commonly suitable. The introduced hydrometallurgical way differs by including in one production process, combined underground leaching of ore, extraction of copper from solution, and the following electrolysis. At the same time, insufficient attention is paid to the hydrometallurgical method of processing depleted copper raw materials from a hygienic standpoint in our country.
Materials and methods. Based on the results of our research carried out at copper-smelting plants using pyro- and hydrometallurgical methods of processing raw materials, a comparative analysis was carried out for such indicators as the pollutants content in the workplaces’ air at different stages of production, predicted values of occupational cancer risks, toxicity indicators, and the health and essential physiological functions of workers.
Results. Working under increased heat intensity in hot shops, exposure to sulfur-containing gases and industrial aerosols leads to significant changes in hemodynamics and thermoregulation stress in workers. In the hydrometallurgical production of copper, the only occupational hazard exceeding hygienic standards is sulfuric acid vapours, and changes in physiological parameters and thermoregulation are insignificant. The predicted values of occupational cancer risk for hydrometallurgical machines operators exceed the acceptable level after 9-10 years of working experience. For smelters, an unacceptable level of risk is achieved with up to 5 years of working experience.
Conclusion. For the first time in the country, a hygienic assessment of the hydrometallurgical method of processing depleted copper raw materials was proved to be the only appropriate method of improving working conditions in copper production.
Contribution:
Lipatov G.Ya. — concept and study design, literature review, text writing, editing;
Shmakova Е.Е. — concept and study design, literature review, material collection and processing, text writing;
Adrianovskiy V.I. — literature review, text writing, editing;
Zlygosteva N.V. — text writing, editing;
Plotko E.G. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: October 25, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



Healthy lifestyle commitment and the workаbility index of industrial employees in the Sverdlovsk Region
Abstract
Introduction. The gain in the morbidity rate and medical costs associated with the work environment and lifestyle stimulates employers to search for effective preventive measures to preserve health and longevity of workers.
The study aimed to assess commitment to a healthy lifestyle (HLS) and the work ability index of employees of an industrial enterprise and to determine directions for developing effective corporate health promotion programs.
Material and methods. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey of 1188 employees of a large copper smelter to assess their workability and healthy lifestyle commitment.
Results. Two-thirds of the employees rated their quality of life as good; the same proportion of workers was satisfied with the psychological climate and working conditions. More than half of employees were overweight and 64.3% of them did not adhere to a diet in an attempt to lose weight; only 34.4% of the workers reported having regular meals in the works canteen; 51.6% did not engage in physical training and sports, and the share of smokers in the main production workshops was 49.1%. The average workability at the enterprise was assessed as suitable. We established an inverse relationship between chronic diseases and the workability index. A positive rating of the quality of life and working conditions correlated with satisfaction with the working conditions, the profession chosen, the quality of personal protective equipment, and the psychological climate at work.
Discussion. Having a disease significantly affects the workability index, while every tenth worker has a discrepancy between the general health status and job requirements. The employees appreciate their health but fail to change their health-related behaviour, putting other life values above health and undermining it.
Conclusion. Creating comfortable working conditions and motivation for a healthy lifestyle should be differentiated and aimed primarily at workers having a high risk of developing a disease and low motivation and specific behavioural patterns, depending on the initial data obtained. It is necessary to use adapted questionnaires and modern preventive, diagnostic techniques.
Contribution:
Mazhaeva T.V. — the concept and design of the study, writing a text, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Dubenko S.E. — the collection and processing of the material, statistical analysis, writing a text, editing.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: November 10, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION
Investigation of changes in rat’s blood metabolomic profile, caused by lead exposure
Abstract
Introduction. The prevalence of lead in the environment, due to human production and economic activities, and the xenobiotic nature of the element substantiate the relevance of studying the changes caused by the action of this metal.
Materials and methods. A non-target metabolomic screening of the blood of rats exposed to intraperitoneal administration of lead acetate by HPLC-mass spectrometry was carried out. The expression of the selected masses was compared with those for the control group of animals. The masses that significantly changed the intensity compared to the control were subjected to fragmentation to obtain characteristic fragments. The annotation of metabolites was performed by searching in MS/MS databases and by comparison with in silico fragmentation spectra. The involvement of annotated metabolites in metabolic processes was established by literature analyzing.
Results. Non-target metabolomic screening revealed 37 m/z values for the exposed group, significantly changing the intensity compared to the control. Annotation using fragmentation spectra and in silico fragmentation allows establishing the structure of eight metabolites, including an epoxy derivative of linolic acid, 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, four oxo- and hydroxyacylcarnitine derivatives of long-chain fatty acids, one acylcarnitine derivatives of medium-chain fatty acids and one lysophosphoserine.
Conclusion. Analyzing the literature, the known functions of the identified metabolites were established and attributed to the known metabolic processes. So, oxo- and hydroxyacylcarnitines are derivatives for intermediate products of β-oxidation fatty acids - it is increased concentration compared to the control indicates a violation of this process under the influence of oxidative stress caused by lead. Epoxy and 15-hydroxy derivatives of fatty acids (increased content relative to the control group) act as regulatory metabolites (vasodynamic activity), on the one hand, and markers of lead-induced hypoxia on the other hand. The increase of the concentration for the lysophosphatidylserine derivative indicates the intensification of apoptotic processes in the organism of the exposed group in contrast to the control.
Contribution:
Chemezov A.I. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing text;
Sutunkova M.P. — concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Ryabova Ju.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Conclusion of the Bioethical Committee: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers (Protocol No eight dated 18.11.2018).
Received: November 8, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



Features and patterns of changes in neurochemical parameters at different stages of chronic mercury intoxication
Abstract
Introduction. At present, the features of the clinical picture and pathogenesis of the formation and progression of chronic intoxication under the influence of mercury remain insufficiently studied.
Purpose. To study the features and patterns of changes in the neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors concentration at different stages of chronic mercury intoxication (CMI).
Materials and methods. A cohort examination of 69 workers (group 1) exposed to mercury, 18 individuals in the initial period of CMI (group 2), and 55 patients in the long-term period (group 3) were carried out. The content of neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors was determined by enzyme immunoassay. The statistical processing included Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests.
Results. Higher levels of histamine were found in group 2, low levels of metanephrine in group 1, and normetanephrine in group 3. An increase in the BDNF concentration was revealed in group 2 compared with groups 1 and 3. The content of neurotrophin-3 in group 3 was statistically significantly lower than in group 2.
Conclusion. The general pattern for all stages is an increase in the norepinephrine and CNTF concentration. Mercury neurointoxication at all stages is characterized by high serotonin levels. A distinctive feature for trained workers is a compensatory increase in the normetanephrine level and a low BDNF and NT-3. For the initial period of CMI, an increase in the histamine, BDNF and NT-3 content is characteristic. The long-term period is characterized by an imbalance in the concentration of the studied neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors.
Contribution:
Kudaeva I.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing text, editing.
Rukavishnikov V.S. — concept and design of the study.
Lakhman O.L. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship. The authors express their deep gratitude to the doctors of the clinic and the staff of the laboratory of biochemical and molecular genetic research for long-term and fruitful cooperation on the research topic.
Received: October 4, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



Analysis of changes in the rat cardiovascular system under the action of lead intoxication and muscular exercise
Abstract
Introduction. One of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases is the toxic metal pollution of the industrial area and the environment. Lead is the most critical of toxic metals. In industrial conditions, the body’s exposure to harmful substances is often combined with muscular work of varying severity. It has not been studied enough how these combinations influence the development of pathological processes associated with harmful exposure.
Materials and methods. The subchronic experiment was carried out on white outbred male rats for six weeks. Intoxication was simulated by repeated intraperitoneal injections of lead acetate three times a week. Running was chosen to model the muscle exercise at a 25 m/min speed for 10 minutes 5 days a week. We performed biochemical and electrocardiographic studies. Blood pressure parameters were recorded. Muscle contractility was studied on isolated multicellular preparations of the right ventricular myocardium in isometric and physiological contraction modes. The ratio of myosin heavy chains was determined by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The sliding velocity of reconstituted thin filaments on myosin using an in vitro motility assay.
Results. Physical exercise under lead intoxication normalized the level of calcium and the angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in the blood serum, the voltage of the isoelectric line and the amplitude of the T wave on the electrocardiogram. The combined action of lead and physical exercise showed an increase in the creatinine kinase-MB level. We found that the effect of exercise under lead intoxication on myocardial contractility was ambiguous. The maximum isotonic shortening velocity in trabeculae was normalized, but the maximum rate of strength development in the isometric mode in the papillary muscles decreased to a greater extent than under lead intoxication. The maximum sliding velocity of reconstituted thin filaments and myosin and the heavy chain ratio was partly normalized.
Conclusion. In general, muscle exercise attenuated the lead cardiotoxic effects.
Contribution:
Klinova S.V. — collection of literature data, collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Minigalieva I.A., Protsenko Yu.L., Nikitina L.V. — the concept and design of the study, editing;
Sutunkova M.P., Privalova L.I. — the concept and design of the study;
Ryabova Iu.V. — collection of literature data, collection and processing of material;
Gerzen O.P. — collection of literature data, writing a text;
Nabiev S.R., Balakin A.A., Lookin O.N., Lisin R.V., Kuznetsov D.A., Chernyshov I.N. — collection and processing of material;
Panov V.G. — statistical and mathematical processing;
Katsnelson L.B. — the concept and design of the study, writing a text, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Conclusion of the Local Ethics Committee of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being: Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers,of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing: keeping, feeding, caring for animals and removing them from the experiment was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki and “International guiding principles for biomedical research involving animals” developed by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences and the International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (2012). The studies were approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers,of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing (protocol No. 8 of 08.11.2018).
Received: October 19, 2021 / Accepted: November, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



The various dose-dependent effect of selenium oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles in vitro and application of the hormesis paradigm
Abstract
Introduction. In vitro studies on a culture of cardiomyocytes have shown that dose-response relationships could be monotonic for some effects and non-monotonic for others. In this work, we wanted to demonstrate that these features of the dose-response relationship are a general pattern.
Materials and methods. In vitro experiments were conducted on the culture of human fibroblast-like cells FLECH-104. The cytotoxicity of spherical nanoparticles of selenium oxide (SeO-NP) and copper oxide (CuO-NP) was studied with an average diameter of 51 ± 14 nm and 21 ± 4 nm, respectively.
Results. SeO-NP and CuO-NP were cytotoxic for human fibroblast-like cells, as judged by a decrease in ATP-dependent luminescence. In this case, the cytotoxicity of CuO-NP was somewhat more substantial than the SeO-NP one. Our experiment revealed doses that cause both cell hypertrophy and a decrease in the size of cells and nuclei.
Discussion. We observed both monotonic and different variants of the non-monotonic dose-response relationship. For the latter, it was possible to construct adequate mathematical expressions based on the generalized hormesis paradigm that we had considered earlier concerning the CdS-NP and PbS-NP cytotoxicity for cardiomyocytes.
Conclusion. The general rule is the variability of the dose-response dependence types manifested in different cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles.
Contribution:
Panov V.G. — statistical and mathematical processing, writing a text.
Minigalieva I.A. — collection of literature data, writing a text, editing.
Bushueva T.V. — writing a text.
Artemenko E.P. — collection of literature data, collection and processing of material.
Ryabova Iu.V. — collection of literature data, collection and processing of material.
Sutunkova M.P. — the concept and design of the study.
Gurvich V.B. — the concept and design of the study.
Privalova L.I. — the concept and design of the study, editing.
Katsnelson B.A. — the concept and design of the study, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.
Acknowledgments. The study had no sponsorship.
The conclusion of the committee on biomedical ethics: the Local Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Russian Agency for Consumer Rights Protection, protocol number 2 of 20.04.21.
Received: November 10, 2021 / Accepted: November, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
Analysis of health risks associated with food safety
Abstract
Introduction. Aim. Selection of priority safety indicators and optimal research scope through analysis of potential health risks associated with chemical and microbiological safety of food products (FP).
Materials and methods. Retrospectively analyzed data on chemical and microbiological safety of FP addressed on the consumer market of the Republic of Buryatia for 2016-2020. Assessment of the potential risk of harm to human health included prediction performed on linear regression models.
Results. The maximum probability of violations of mandatory requirements for chemical and microbiological contamination was noted for dairy products. The minimum probability of violations was identified for the biologically active additives and industrial baby FP. The calculation of potential risks to consumer health based on the results of studies of FP revealed the categories of “high risk” — fish and seafood, “significant risk” — dairy products, confectionery, vegetables, melons, soft drinks. It was found that the supply of fish and seafood, poultry and poultry products had long supply chains, when the risks associated with non-compliance with their transportation and storage conditions were most likely Correlations were revealed between the risk level according to the microbiological criterion associated with the contamination of food, fish, culinary products, poultry meat and the incidence of acute intestinal infections. The indicated factor signs determine from 28.6% to 67.0% of the variance of the incidence.
Conclusion. Identification of potential risks of harm to the public health related to FP safety indicates the need for further monitoring of the content of chemical and microbiological contaminants.
Contribution:
Bogdanova O.G. — research concept and design, data analysis and interpretation, text writing, editing;
Efimova N.V. — research concept and design, data analysis and interpretation, addition to the first version of the article;
Molchanova O.A. — material collection and primary processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The work was carried out within the framework of the state research assignment “Study of the mechanisms of metabolic disorders and their role in the formation of sensitivity to the effects of production factors” of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.
Received: June 3, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



SOCIO-HYGIENIC MONITORING
Morbidity of the working-age population of the Russian Federation for 2015–2019
Abstract
Introduction. The quality of labour potential is one of the most important factors of economic growth, which largely depends on the health status of the working-age population. Today, incidence and prevalence rates in the Russian working-age population are not monitored at the national level.
Materials and methods. We conducted a descriptive epidemiological study based on retrospective data on disease incidence in the adult population of the Russian Federation. We also assessed disease incidence and prevalence in the Russian working-age population (men aged 18–59 and women aged 18–54) in 2015–2019 using the method of continuous observation. We estimated and ranked incidence and prevalence rates per 100,000 working-age population of some constituent entities and federal districts of the Russian Federation to establish the territories with the highest and lowest rates.
Results. We applied and tested methodological approaches to assessing the morbidity of the working-age population living in different regions of the Russian Federation. Our findings demonstrate a high degree of variability in both incidence and prevalence rates in the working-age population in general and by ICD-10 disease categories.
Conclusion. Results of our assessments and ranking of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation by disease-specific incidence and prevalence rates in the working-age population provide an opportunity to areas at risk with specific health status enabling the most efficient management of risks of labour and economic losses. The proven method approaches may be used to address the challenges of public health monitoring.
Contribution:
Shastin A.S. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing a text, editing;
Malykh O.L., Gazimova V.G. — concept and design of the study, writing a text, editing;
Tsepilova T.M. — statistical processing, writing a text;
Ustyugova T.S. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. The authors show sincere respect and gratitude to the specialists of the Department of Monitoring, Analysis and Strategic Development of Health Care of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and Central Research Institute of Organization and Informatization of Health Care of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation for publishing in open sources collections of statistical materials on the morbidity of the population of the Russia.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: October 19, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



Exogenous and endogenous mortality parameters as indicators of the sanitary and epidemiological status of the population of the region
Abstract
Introduction. The concepts of the epidemiological transition and types of population health are applied to analyzing and evaluating the sanitary and epidemiological status of the population.
Materials and methods. For many years of mortality, the dynamics of the male population of the Irkutsk region standardized indicators were used (European age standard). For identifying trends of changing mortality rates, an analytical alignment of the time series was used. It was a linear model by EXCEL’s standard tools (Microsoft Office 2007). The significance of the trend equation was calculated using F-test in IBM SPSS Statistics 23 (p < 0,05).
Results. It has been established that the formation of various types of pathology and caused by this pathology mortality occurred under the influence of factors of different nature in the process of changes in social, environmental, epidemiological situations in the region. In the 1990 th and the first half of the 2000th, high mortality rates in the class of diseases of the circulatory system and the class of external causes of morbidity and mortality were determined mainly by psychosocial disadvantage factors. By the class of Diseases of the respiratory system, there was noted a steady decrease in mortality rate from chronic diseases of the lower respiratory tract and pneumonia. It was probably due to an increase in the level and quality of medical care. A steady tendency to increase intensive and extensive mortality rates by class of Certain infectious and parasitic diseases was seen. That was caused by negative changes in infectious and epidemic processes under the influence of man-made pollution was noted. During 2005 - 2015 the digestive system’s share of the class of Diseases in the mortality structure increased. That is due to the prevalence of alcoholic liver disease, chronic alcoholic pancreatitis, complications of the ulcer of the stomach and duodenum.
Conclusion. The combination of the identified patterns of the formation of intensive and extensive mortality rates determined by exogenous and endogenous factors made it possible to characterize the situation in the Irkutsk region as a relative sanitary and epidemiological disadvantage of the population.
Contribution of the authors:
Leshchenko Ya.A. — concept and design of research, collection and analysis of material, writing text, editing;
Lisovtsov A.A. — data collection, statistical processing and material analysis.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements. The work was carried out according to the research plan within the framework of the state assignment. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: May 19, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



METHODS OF HYGIENIC AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
Application of imprint cytology in assessment of immunological effects of isolated and combined action of selenium and copper nanoparticles
Abstract
Introduction. Touch Imprint Cytology as the method of impression cytology of smears-prints is of great diagnostic value not only in clinical practice but is also of interest as an express method for assessing the immunological effects of the influence of metal-containing nanoparticles on the tissues of laboratory animals in an experiment.
Materials and methods. The study involved the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of outbred male rats (24 individuals), with an initial weight of 220–230 g, after subchronic intoxication, which was caused by repeated intraperitoneal injections of metal-containing nanoparticles of selenium (SeO) and copper (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg and their combination three times a week (a total of 18 injections). After sacrificing the rats by decapitation, the spleen and MLN were removed from the animals from each group; made smears were dried at room temperature. Stained according to Leishman. Cell composition and cytological signs were assessed in a light binocular microscope by Carl Zeiss Primo Star with a USCMOS video imaging system at a magnification of 100x and 1000x under cytological criteria. Cell counting in the analysis of spleen and MLN preparations was carried out in percentage — 100 cells from each smear (48 studies), as well as calculating the number of cellular elements per 1 mm2 of the smear surface area, by calculating the absolute amount of each cellular element in the microscope field of view of 0.03 mm2, followed by recalculation per 1 mm2 (the number of studies is 48). Differences between the mean group quantitative results were processed using Student’s criteria using Excel software. Differences between mean values were considered statistically significant if the probability of a random difference did not exceed 5% (р < 0.05).
Results. The main results obtained in the study of cytomorphological parameters of smears — spleen prints and MLN of rats after exposure to SeO and CuO NPs, both independently and their combination using two methods for calculating the cellular composition of preparations, are presented. The main changes in the cellular composition during immunological effects are highlighted. Inflammatory reactions of the hyperergic type were revealed when exposed to selenium nanoparticles, both in autonomous action and in combination with copper nanoparticles. The formation of local cellular immunity was noted due to an increase in the level of plasma cells in smears imprints when exposed to copper nanoparticles.
Conclusion. Using the impression method of smears-prints in conjunction with the histological examination of tissue preparations allows implementing complete cytomorphological parameters in studying the immunological effects of metal-containing nanoparticles.
Contribution:
Bushueva T.V. — design of the study, text writing;
Sakhautdinova R.R. — data collection, data processing, text writing;
Riabova Iu.V. — the collection and processing of the material;
Panov V.G. — statistics;
Sutunkova M.P., Minigalieva I.A. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
The conclusion of the committee on biomedical ethics: the Local Ethics Committee of the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center for Prophylaxis and Health Protection in Industrial Workers, Russian Agency for Consumer Rights Protection, Yekaterinburg, 620014, Russian Federation approved this study, protocol number 2 of 20.04.21.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: October 6, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: December 30, 2021



REVIEWS
Review of the biobibliographic reference "Prominent Russian scientists in the field of radiobiology, radiation medicine and safety" edited by L.A. Ilyin, A.S. Samoilov, I.B. Ushakov
Abstract
Биобиблиографический справочник «Видные отечественные учёные в области радиобиологии, радиационной медицины и безопасности» издан объёмом 616 страниц в Москве в 2021 г. издательством ФГБУ ГНЦ ФМБЦ им. А.И. Бурназяна ФМБА России и представляет собой уникальное оригинальное издание в области медико-биологических наук.


