Том 101, № 10 (2022)

Десятый номер журнала «Гигиена и санитария» вышел в свет в преддверии XIII Всероссийского съезда гигиенистов, токсикологов и санитарных врачей. «Развивая вековые традиции, обеспечивая «Санитарный щит» страны», — таков девиз этого знаменательного съезда, посвящённого столетнему юбилею образования государственной санитарно-эпидемиологической службы России (1922 г.) и 130-летнему юбилею образования Московского гигиенического общества (1892 г.), созданного профессором Ф.Ф. Эрисманом. Ныне это Общероссийская общественная организация «Общество гигиенистов, токсикологов и санитарных врачей». В этом же году исполняется 180 лет со дня рождения одного из выдающихся основателей гигиенической науки Фёдора Фёдоровича Эрисмана.

Introduction. The relevance of the study is due to the 100^th anniversary of the formation of the sanitary and epidemiological service of Russia and the 130^th anniversary of the establishment of the hygienic society by F.F. Erisman.

The purpose of the study is to give a historical analysis of the activities of the All-Russian Society of Hygienists and Sanitary Doctors.

Materials and methods. Based on the principle of historicism, an expert and analytical study of the activities of the professional community of hygienists and sanitary doctors in 1892–2022 was carried out. The analysis used materials on the activities of prof. F.F. Erisman and the Moscow Hygienic Society under him, as well as the All-Union and All-Russian Congresses of Hygienists and Sanitary Doctors.

Results. The main stages of the creation and development of the All-Russian Society of Hygienists, Toxicologists and Sanitary Doctors, the training of personnel for the sanitary service of the country, which celebrates 100 years since its foundation, are presented. The role of F.F. Erisman in the activities of the Moscow Hygienic Society and his students and followers in the work of the All-Union and All-Russian Society of Hygienists and Sanitary Doctors is traced.

Limitations. The study is limited to studying the role of the All-Russian Society of Hygienists in ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being in the historical interval of 1892–2022.

Conclusion. The congresses of the society of hygienists and sanitary doctors summarized, analyzed the results achieved, discussed scientific problems and ways to solve them, mobilized their members to solve them. The positive activity of the society of hygienists and sanitary doctors is due to the active work of its members in ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Russian Federation.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.

Contribution:
Popova А.Yu. — concept and design of the study;
Rakitsky V.N., Kuchma V.R. — concept and design of the study, writing text, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. 

Received: August 26, 2022 / Accepted: October 3, 2022 / Published: October 23, 2022 

Introduction. Hygienic analysis of the factors, causes, scales and ways to reduce losses due to the impact of the environment on the population’s health is an important contribution to the justification for actions aimed at achieving the highest national priority — preserving the population, ensuring sustainable population gain and increasing life expectancy.

Materials and methods. Methods of systemic, classical statistical and probabilistic analysis, elements of artificial intelligence, neural networks, fuzzy sets, forecasting and optimization are applied. Sampling size includes all regions of the Russian Federation for 10 years, 1 billion units of information.

Results. The presence of insufficiently declining levels of risk-associated morbidity and mortality of the population with regional differentiation was shown. Priority was given to key manageable risk factors (air and drinking water). Scientific and methodological tools have been developed to improve the reliability of hygienic assessments, examinations, studies, and forecasts. The effectiveness of the activity of the service to prevent the loss of public health is shown.

Limitations. The limitations of the study are limited to the possibilities of using the selected research methods and the presence of uncertainties in obtaining the characteristics of the objects of study.

Conclusion. The analysis has shown the modern period to be characterized by the active digitalization of nearly all fields of scientific hygienic developments and their application. The role of scientific forecasting and the development of methods for the prevention of risk-associated health losses is significantly increasing to achieve a national priority — increasing the life expectancy of the population in Russian Federation.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the Local Ethical Committee of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. 

Received: August 26, 2022 / Accepted: October 3, 2022 / Published: October 23, 2022 

Introduction. Modern epidemiological studies indicate atmospheric air pollution to be one of the leading risk factors for the development of non-communicable diseases. The problem of assessing the impact of atmospheric air pollution on the health of the Russian Federation population is extremely urgent and requires solutions at the federal and regional levels.

The purpose of the work was to analyze modern methodological approaches to diagnostics, assessment of the impact of atmospheric pollution on public health and to develop proposals for improving the risk management system to ensure sanitary and epidemiological well-being.

Materials and methods. An expert-analytical study was carried out. Analysis materials are scientific publications both on the problem of assessing of the atmospheric pollution impact on health and developing a risk management system based on international experience and the possibility of its implementation in Russia; the results of earlier field studies of atmospheric air, and the results obtained during the implementation of the federal project “Clean Air”.

Results. The main directions of further development of the methodology for assessing the adverse impact of atmospheric pollution on health are formulated to solve methodological and practical problems of minimizing the risk to public health. Positive results in managing air quality and reducing its negative impact on health can be achieved by increasing the volume of conducting the best reliable research on establishing links between air pollution and public health, improving approaches to the justification of hygienic standards for atmospheric pollution, improvement of methodological and analytical support for field research, and introduction of a systematic approach to the process of regulation of atmospheric air quality.

Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to the fact that this article does not reflect the results of our own epidemiological studies to establish the negative impact of atmospheric pollution on public health.

Conclusion. The need to regulate the quality of atmospheric air for the purposes of maintaining and improving the health of the population requires the development and implementation of long-term programs to ensure sanitary and epidemiological well-being, the basis of which should be the placement of health and environmental priorities established by the results of a system analysis, including the establishment of a causal relationship, the identification of priority chemicals and their sources, if reliable data on levels of exposure to the population are available.

Contribution:
Kuzmin S.V. — research concept and design, text writing, editing;
Dodina N.S. — research concept and design, collection and processing of the material, text writing, editing;
Shashina T.A. — research concept and design, collection and processing of the material, text writing;
Kislitsin V.A. — collection and processing of the material, writing the text;
Pinigin M.A., Budarina O.V. — research concept and design, text editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. 

Received: August 22, 2022 / Accepted: October 3, 2022 / Published: October 23, 2022 

Introduction. The issues of the water quality and sanitary protection of water bodies in the Russian Federation are constantly in the zone of increased scientific and practical attention.

The purpose of the work is a hygienic assessment and determination of ways to improve the drinking water supply of the population in the Russian Federation.

Materials and methods. Analysis of materials from annual state reports on the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, data literature, dissertation, and own researches, development of proposals for improving the drinking water supply of the population.

Results. A hygienic assessment of the current state of the water supply of the population is presented in terms of the compliance of water with the main criteria, indicators, and regulatory parameters of the water and sanitary legislation of the country is presented. Updated problems and measures to improve the quality of water sources and water used for household and drinking purposes are noted. The problematic issues of improving federal laws and technical regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union in the field of providing the population with high-quality drinking water are outlined. The terminological, conceptual and essential aspects of the assessment of drinking water as the main food product in terms of the mass consumption of the population are considered.

Conclusion. Despite the high level of domestic water legislation, it is necessary to constantly improve it, understanding that water, on the one hand, is the only cleaning liquid on the planet, which is why it is the accumulator of all pollution entering the environment, and, on the other hand, is the most significant according to the average daily mass of consumption, a food product that affects health to the extent that a person spoils it.

Compliance with ethical standards. Research does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.

Contribution:
Rakhinanin Yu.A. — generation of the idea of research, carrying out search and analytical work, text writing.
Onishchenko G.G. — design of the research, text editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. 

Received: August 15, 2022 / Accepted: October 3, 2022 / Published: October 23, 2022 

Introduction. So far, the main regulatory document on the justification of hygiene standards for chemical pollution of the soil has not been revised.

In accordance with the provisions of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of ensuring chemical and biological safety for the period up to 2025 and beyond¹, it is advisable to develop new approaches to assess the hazard of chemicals that pollute the soil, taking into account international standards and risk assessment for public health.

The purpose of the study is to develop methodological approaches and recommendations in substantiating the hygienic standards of chemical pollution of the soil, taking into account modern legal requirements in the field of technical regulation and international standards.

Materials and methods. Information and analytical methods for database FIPS (Federal Institute of Industrial Property), as well as data from scientific publications and our own research analytical data were used in the study.

Results. According to our study, it was revealed that there is no software for assessment of the environment impact of chemicals on the soil, with the exception of assessment in emergency situations. In this regard, based on research, we have proposed a software layout to automatically assess the risk of exposure to chemicals through the soil, and to carry out mathematical modelling and build a predictive model for the impact of chemicals on soil and public health as part of their hygiene regulation.

Limitations. The study was limited to the study of patents for software systems for computers that are designed to assess the impact of the activities of enterprises in the FGBU “FIPS” system, placed in open sources and aimed at solving problems related to ensuring the safety of citizens, calculating risk, taking into account relevant information on the actual state environmental objects. The data obtained in the work are of undoubted interest, including when working out the software layout.

Conclusion. A methodology for a comprehensive risk assessment of the impact of chemicals on human health through the soil factor is proposed, which will be included in the draft guidelines for substantiating the hygienic standards of chemicals in the soil, taking into account the use of software for the automatic calculation of estimated indicators to substantiate the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of chemicals in the soil of populated areas in depending on various factors, including types of land use.

Compliance with ethical standards: the study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion.

​Contribution:
Vodianova M.A. — the concept and design of the study, the collection of material and data processing, statistical processing, writing the text;
Ushakova O.V., Evseeva I.S. — collection of material and data processing, writing the text;
Rusakov N.V. — editing;
Tregubova L.Yu. — collection of material and data processing, statistical processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgment. The research was carried out on the basis of the financial provision of the state assignment for the provision of public services. The study was conducted as part of the State task for 2020–2022 on the topic: “Assessment of the risk of the impact of anti-icing materials on human health and environmental objects when they are used in urban areas” in the Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia.

Received: September 9, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: October 23, 2022 

Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 97 dated March 11, 2019 "On the Fundamentals of the State Policy of the Russian Federation in the field of chemical and biological safety for the period up to 2025 and beyond".

The analysis of the current and cancelled documents concerning the regulation of working conditions in civil aviation (CA) is carried out. There have been established significant factors of working environment and workload, their relationship with indicators of the health status of flight personnel, the development of fatigue and the risks of aviation accidents (AA) has been proved.

The design of the study included a multifactorial analysis of the impact of working conditions on the functional state, occupational morbidity and accident rate of CA pilots with the establishment of a list of mandatory factors for rationing and control of the production environment and the labour process. The analysis of sanitary and hygienic characteristics of working conditions, health data was carried out based on the results of retrospective studies of the clinic of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health”, publications indexed in the databases Scopus, Web of Science, RSCI and official statistical collections. Own experimental studies were conducted among one hundred twenty pilots of the case-control type, including the analysis of 10324 standard operating procedures for aircraft management, 59670 studies within the framework of psychophysiological testing, as well as the analysis of 83 AA. The necessity of adjusting the regulatory framework with the expansion of indicators for the normalization of working conditions in terms of the intensity of the labour process is proved. New criteria are proposed to be used for assessing information, intellectual, emotional loads, expanding the boundaries of sensory loads with the allocation of class 3.3 – according factors working load. Proposals have been developed to make additions to SP 2.5.3650-20 for flight crew members and air traffic controllers concerning requirements for all missed and obligatory factors of working conditions; a list of production factors obligatory for control during a special assessment of working conditions at the workplaces of aircraft crew members; new methodological documents relating to the assessment of indicators of the intensity of the labour process, the assessment of the personal risk of fatigue in pilots, conducting psychophysiological studies using a video oculograph, the procedure for conducting special assessment of working conditions, a general assessment of professional risks intended for the implementation of regulatory requirements.

Contribution:
Bukhtiyarov I.V. — concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Zibarev E.V. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing text, conclusions;
Kravchenko O.K. — collection and processing of material, participation in writing the text editing, responsibility for the integrity of parts of the article.  

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. 

Received: August 26, 2022 / Accepted: October 3, 2022 / Published: October 23, 2022 

Introduction. The results of the occupational risk assessment are additional to a special assessment of the working conditions for obtaining quantitative information on the likelihood of developing health disorders. Occupational risk models have not been approved yet, and the proposed approach allowed assessing a priori risk from various harmful factors and conditions, predicting workload, and elevating the effectiveness of preventive measures.

Materials and Methods. The assessment of a priori occupational risk from exposure to noise, chemicals and stress-related risk factors was performed at the workshop No. 1 of the oil refinery «KINEF» LLC using the proven models. The results of studies and measurement, conducted in 2020 within the special assessment of working conditions, were used as an input data.

Results. The levels of occupational risk caused by exposure to a chemical factor did not reach values ​​significant for the development of occupational disease, regardless of service length. The levels of occupational risk from exposure to noise at individual workplaces formed a risk level significant for the development of occupational diseases with the work experience of more than 30 and 40 years. At individual workplaces, the risk associated with the work intensity is relevant for the work experience of more than 20 years. There were identified persons whose professional experience allows determining the risk levels significant for the development of occupational diseases.

Limitations. The limitations of the study are uncertainties associated with conducting a special assessment of the working conditions.

Conclusion. Occupational risk assessment makes it possible to supplement the existing approaches with a quantitative assessment of the probable damage to workers health, to identify the vulnerable groups of employees, to determine the length of service considering the exposure factors.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov (extract from the protocol dated November 3, 2021 No. 10).

Contribution:
Meltser A.V. — the concept and design of the study, text, editing, final approval of the article;
Yakubova I.Sh. — the concept and design of the study, the choice of analytical methods, text, editing;
Erastova N.V. — literature review, data collection and processing, analysis of the results, text, editing, final approval of the article; 
Kropot A.I. — literature review, database formation, statistical analysis.
All co-authors — responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. 

Received: September 13, 2022 / Accepted: October 3, 2022 / Published: October 23, 2022 

Introduction. Currently, there are not enough hygienic studies to identify causal relationships between health disorders and behavioural risk factors.

The purpose of the study: to assess the influence of behavioural risk factors on students’ health outcomes.

Materials and methods. The object of the study were one hundred nine students in grades 3–6. Questionnaires and comprehensive medical examinations were conducted. The research materials were statistically processed using non-parametric analysis methods, descriptive statistics and relative risk calculations.

Results. Data were obtained on the leading behavioural risk factors of modern students (physical inactivity, lack of sleep, unhealthy diet, low school satisfaction, high aggressiveness in communication with peers. Functional deviations and chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system, nervous system and mental sphere, eyes and digestive system were formed among students. There were identified three groups of behavioural risk factors: 1) use of digital devices; 2) social wellbeing in school; 3) regime of the day.

Limitations. The study is limited to the study of the influence of only behavioral risk factors on the health of students, the time of observation, the use of self-questionnaires, which can lead to recall bias, affect the accuracy of data, with the possibility of overestimation or underestimation of data.

Conclusion. Quantitative dependences of the development of the most common functional deviations and chronic diseases in students on risk behaviors in the children’s population have been established. This indicates the importance of high levels of prevalence of risky forms of behaviour and their underestimation in the formation of pathological conditions and the need for measures to correct behavior dangerous to the health of children and adolescents.

Compliance with ethical standards. Research with the participation of students was carried out on a voluntary basis in accordance with the requirements of the “UN Convention on the Rights of the Child”, with the provision of a sufficient amount of information available for understanding, in compliance with the ethical standards set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki, in the international ethical guidelines for conducting biomedical research on humans.

Patient consent. Each participant of the study (or his/her legal representative) gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal medical information in an impersonal form in the journal "Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal)".

Contribution:
Kuchma V.R. — the concept and design of the study, editing; collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Sokolova S.B. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Rapoport I.K., Chubarovsky V.V. — collection and processing of material, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. 

Received: August 26, 2022 / Accepted: October 3, 2022 / Published: October 23, 2022 

Introduction. The concept of a balanced diet provides for the need for adequate intake of not only energy, macro- and micronutrients, but also a number of minor components with proven physiological significance (biological activity) with the diet. These compounds include long-chain omega-3 fatty acids.

Materials and methods. Actual nutrition was studied by reproduction methods: three times 24-hour recall. Based on the results of the studies, the content of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids was calculated, and their main sources were determined. The study involved three hundred fourteen students of the First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov. The comparison groups were divided by gender and by course of study.

Results. An adequate level of consumption of DHA and EPA was registered in 50.6% and 35.7% of students, respectively. Extremely low intake (less than 25% of the recommended level) with the diet of EPA and DHA was observed in 30.9% and 15% of respondents, respectively. Deficiency in EPA and DHA intake (less than 50% of the recommended level) was found in 44.6% and 34.1% of students. The study did not find a gender difference in the content of EPA and DHA in the diet. The level of medical education significantly affected the quality of the diet in terms of the content of EPA and DHA: an almost direct relationship was established between the course of study and the amount of EPA and DHA received. In the diet of senior students, the amount of EPA and DHA exceeded the similar average values ​​in first-year students by 81.9% and 67.4%, respectively.

Limitations. The study has age and regional restrictions: young people aged of 18-29 years living in the Moscow region, and restrictions on the analyzed indicators: long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplied with the diet.

Conclusions. A significant deficit in the intake of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA and DHA) with the diet was established in more than half of the respondents. To achieve an adequate intake of EPA and DHA, several servings of fish and crustaceans should be included in the weekly diet.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in accordance with the standards set out in the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association, approved by the local ethical committee of Sechenov University. 

Patient consent. Each participant of the study gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal medical information in an impersonal form in the journal "Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal)".

Contribution:
Korolev A.A. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Lopukhova I.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing of material;
Nikitenko E.I., Kirpichenkova E.V., Denisova E.L. — review of literature data, analysis of the obtained results;
Onishchenko G.G. — the concept of the study, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. 

Received: August 26, 2022 / Accepted: October 3, 2022 / Published: October 23, 2022 

Introduction. For several decades, glyphosate has been one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, but the safety of glyphosate and its commercial formulations is still controversial.

Materials and methods. The parameters of acute oral and dermal toxicity of glyphosate in rats have been established. An irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes (rats, rabbits), a sensitizing effect on guinea pigs were studied. To establish the degree of damaging effect on the body during its long-term administration, there was made a study of the chronic effect of glyphosate acid and specially prepared soybeans at doses of 0, 0.15, 20, 200, 2000 and 20,000 ppm. The toxic effect was judged by changes in integral, hematological, biochemical and physiological parameters. After 12 months from the beginning of the experiment, pathomorphological studies of animals of all groups were performed. There was performed a complete necropsy of the bodies of rats.

Results. Based on the results of the studies, the parameters of toxicity and hazard class were established, according to the hygienic classification of pesticides and agrochemicals (MP 1.2.0235-21 dated February 15, 2021) of glyphosate acid when exposed to the body of warm-blooded animals.

Limitations. When setting the parameters of glyphosate acid toxicometry, the intragroup number of rats was 6–8 animals, depending on the tasks being solved, which is a sufficient reference sample.

Conclusion. Based on studies performed on laboratory animals, the maximum inactive level (NOEL) of glyphosate is confirmed to be 100 mg/kg body weight, which corresponds to 2000 mg/kg feed (ppm). The foregoing indicates that the dose of 2000 ppm is much higher than the MRLs of glyphosate in soy at the level of 20 ppm (100 times) and 0.15 ppm (more than l3,000 times). Thus, it can be concluded that the maximum allowable level of glyphosate in soy of 20.0 mg/kg does not have a harmful effect and does not represent a real risk to the population.

Compliance with ethical standards. Conclusion of the Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing, Mytishchi, 141014, Russian Federation, No. 11 dated September 26, 2022.

Contribution:
Rakitsky V.N. — research concept, research design, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Chkhvirkiya E.G. — the concept of the study, discussion of the article;
Miroshnikova D.I. — research concept, experiment, material preparation, literature review, statistical analysis, article writing;
Belyaeva N.N. — selection of indicators, stereometric and morphometric determination of indicators, statistical analysis, writing and discussion of the article;
Vostrikova M.V. — preparation of material, determination of some indicators with their stereometric and morphometric assessment, writing an article.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. 

Received: September 8, 2022 / Accepted: October 3, 2022 / Published: October 23, 2022 

Intensive use of pesticides in Russia puts forward the task of identifying ways to prevent their adverse effects on the health of workers.

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the safety requirements when working with pesticides in agriculture from a toxicological and hygienic standpoint.

An analytical study was performed. Research materials documents regulating the use of pesticides, scientific publications, data from own research.

The safety of pesticides for those working with them is based on numerous toxicological and hygienic studies carried out at the stage of registration tests. According to the results of toxicological studies, including the establishment of toxicity parameters for acute inhalation, dermal and oral intake, subacute and chronic exposure, in accordance with the hygienic classification of pesticides by degree of danger, a hazard class is established, which determines the possibility, scale, technology of the use of pesticides on the territory of the Russian Federation. Particular attention is paid to the study of sensitizing effects, irritating effects on the skin and mucous membranes, as well as possible manifestations of long-term effects (teratogenic, embryotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic). The severity of carcinogenic and mutagenic effects determines the restriction of the use of pesticides, up to a complete ban. Hygienic regulation of the content of active substances of pesticides is carried out taking into account the hazard class and toxicity parameters. A prerequisite for the safe use of pesticides is the establishment of hygienic standards in almost all environments. The last stage of the study is an assessment of the risk to workers when using each pesticide in real conditions of agricultural production and regulation of use.

Conclusion. Safety requirements for those working with pesticides when applied using various technologies in agricultural conditions are determined taking into account the hazard class of pesticides and the equipment used. The application of the method of assessing the risk of exposure to pesticides at the stage of registration tests guarantees the exclusion from circulation in Russia of drugs that pose a real danger to a working person. The minimum risk of exposure to pesticides on workers is ensured by compliance with all safety requirements and application regulations.

Compliance with ethical standards. Hygienic studies approved by the Local ethics committee of Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing (minutes of the meeting No. 2 from 25.02.2014).

Patient consent. Each participant of the study gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal medical information in an impersonal form in the journal "Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal)".

Contribution:
Bereznyak I.V. — the concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Fedorova S.G., Ilnitskaya A.V. — writing sections of the article, material analysis, literature search.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgement. The study was carried out within the framework of the project of the industry program “Scientific substantiation of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, health risk management and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia”.

Received: August 26, 2022 / Accepted: October 3, 2022 / Published: October 23, 2022

An urgent task in modern conditions is to improve the existing models of occupational risk assessment to ensure the safety and health of employees, obtain and analyze objective information sufficient to develop scientifically sound management decisions on the prevention of occupational and general morbidity, reduce labour loss and preserve labour longevity. The review provides information on domestic and foreign models of occupational risk assessment, their improvement to ensure the safety and health of employees. Various models of occupational risk assessment are analyzed, both quantitative, semi-quantitative, and qualitative methods of assessing occupational risk that causes the risk for employee health disorders associated with exposure to chemicals, dust factor, noise, and vibration. Methodological principles of various models of occupational risk assessment differ in approaches to assessment of hazard and impact. The advantages and disadvantages of domestic and foreign models of occupational risk assessment are established. This requires the development of a single unified methodology (procedure) for assessing and managing occupational risks, criteria for assessing occupational health risks of an individual and cohort (group, collective) nature. The ideas and evidence discussed in this review indicate that scientific research and professional practice on occupational risk assessment in occupational should develop towards a more holistic, health-oriented model of occupational risk assessment and management. When preparing the review, the databases Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka, RSCI were used.

Contribution:
Yatsyna I.V. — research concept;
Sukhova A.V. — research concept, collection and processing of material, writing text, editing;
Egorova A.M. — research concept, collection and processing of material, writing text;
Preobrazhenskaya E.A. — collection and processing of material, writing text, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. 

Received: August 26, 2022 / Accepted: October 3, 2022 / Published: October 23, 2022 

The article highlights the historical aspects of teaching hygiene in the Military Medical (former Medical and Surgical) Academy from the moment of its formation to the present. The actual information about the history of education and formation of the Department of General, Military-Land and Naval Hygiene as the first department of hygiene in Russia and the first department of medical profile specializing in the training of doctors for the Army and Navy at the Academy is convincingly presented to a wide range of readers. The scientific, educational, methodological and practical activities of the staff of the department in the formation and development of preventive medicine in our country as a whole and its armed forces are shown. Biographical information is given about Alexey Petrovich Dobroslavin, the founder of national hygiene as a science and as an independent academic discipline, a talented researcher, a pioneer of military hygiene and a well–known public figure. The contribution of Viktor Alexandrovich Levashev, as the largest specialist in the field of disinfection of that time, who developed and implemented the system of establishment of disinfection services in Russian cities, who created a domestic school for training disinfection specialists, was noted. The assessment of the activity of the department under the leadership of Professor Grigory Vitalievich Khlopin is presented. Textbooks and manuals prepared and published during this period laid the foundations for teaching hygiene in the country’s universities, and the drafts of many documents developed were subsequently used in domestic sanitary legislation. A huge contribution to the development of domestic preventive medicine by Fyodor Grigoryevich Krotkov, who during his professional activity was rightfully called the universally recognized head of Soviet hygienists, is shown. His work on the creation and improvement of the system of sanitary and hygienic support of troops during the Great Patriotic War and the development of radiation hygiene in the country is invaluable. The achievements and merits of the staff of the department in the post-war years are summarized, its activities at the present stage are reflected.

Contribution:
Kuznetsov S.M. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Terentyev L.P. — collection and processing of material, writing a text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. 

Received: July 18, 2022 / Accepted: October 3, 2022 / Published: October 23, 2022