卷 100, 编号 1 (2021)

封面

Articles

Title page and table of contents of the Journal

Editorial Р.

摘要

Title page and table of contents of the Journal
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2021;100(1):
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PROBLEM-SOLVING ARTICLES

Hygienic aspects of robotization: risk factors and safety principles

Bukhtiyarov I., Denisov E.

摘要

The paper presents a review and essays on the hygienic aspects of the problem of robotics. The absence of generally accepted international terminology is noted. There is given a definition of basic terms as a robot, an artificial intelligence system (AIS), and a cyber-physical system (CFS) - according to authoritative sources. In the literature, the term robot is often used to mean CFS. The origin of robots in Russia is briefly described. The role of AIS as the basis of a technological breakthrough is considered. There is represented statistical data on the scientific, economic, and social aspects of the introduction of robotics. Robots are believed to be more likely to replace tasks rather than jobs and create new types of them. The medical and social aspects of robotization based on the experience of the European Union, the USA, and South Korea are examined, and the prospects of creating "smart jobs" are emphasized. The types of robots and their application in industry and medicine for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation are described. It is emphasized that robots are the most advanced machines. The dangers created by robots, their causes, and possible consequences from physical (noise, vibration), chemical, electrical, ergonomic, and other perils are described. The presence of both "traditional" and new risk factors is noted. The systematics of the stages of human-robot interaction is proposed: ethical aspects in the design, communication psychology, contacts with the machine during its use and safety aspects, human physiological responses, possible clinical manifestations of health disorders. The safety principles of robots and CFS are formulated, and that the "smarter" the robots, the greater the risks of program failures and breakdowns are noted. The role of information hygiene and the need for training and health education of workers and the population are examined. Estimates are given of the prospects for the robotization of the profession. The occupation of hygienists in the era of digitalization and robotization is noted to have a future.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2021;100(1):6-12
pages 6-12 views

ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE

On the calculated method for assessing the impact of hydrolysis products from uranium hexafluoride on the human body

Babenko S., Bad’In A.

摘要

Introduction. This article refers to the authors’ calculation method for studying the effects UF6 (uranium hexafluoride, UHF) on the human body. A review of this method’s main ideas and the features of the approach to solving the problem at certain stages of the movement of UHF from being released into the air before entering the body is offered. The possibilities of the proposed method and its place in many well-known studies in this direction are described.

Material and methods. The research material is UHF. It serves as the primary working substance in technologies for enriching natural uranium with the 235U isotope. UHF, due to various circumstances, appears in the production room in a gaseous state. A method for studying the effects of UHF on humans is to describe the distribution processes of UHF molecules in the volume of the working room, chemical transformations of UHF, physical transformations of the resulting products, i.e., all processes accompanied by the delivery of toxic substances and their transfer from the source to the person and before excretion from the body in a natural way. The description of these processes is carried out analytically.

Results. Lists the results that can be obtained by calculation.

Discussion. A discussion of the results is carried out in the following areas. The issue of the possibility of using the described calculation method to solve the problems of ensuring labor safety at work is considered. The question of trust in the calculated values characterizing the effect of UHF on the human body is being studied. To solve this problem, we compared the calculated results obtained for a particular process and the experimental ones implemented in a similar process.

Conclusion. A conclusion is made regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the method under investigation for studying the effects of UHF on humans and determining their place among existing methods.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2021;100(1):13-18
pages 13-18 views

Water: a substance with unique properties

Slesarev V.

摘要

Water is a supramolecular aqua system with a single highly structurally dynamic network of hydrogen bonds. Since this grid is inhomogeneous in properties and structure, a proposed aquamezophase model of water takes into account the indicated heterogeneity and homogeneity of water. The peculiarities of intermolecular interactions for hydration and aquaclatratation, characteristic of water, are described. For the first time, the peculiarities of the chemistry and energy of water during vortex motion were revealed. This made it possible to propose a mechanism of action for vortex tubes, a cyclone of J. Rank, and aqua-vortex heat generators. Due to the vortex movement, the aquatic systems of the living organisms actively show restorative properties and become a source of energy necessary for life. Due to the thermodynamic nonequilibrium, openness, nonlinearity, and self-oscillating properties, water is a source of very weak acoustic and electromagnetic aqua emissions in a wide frequency range from fractions of Hz to 1017 Hz, which are recorded as emissions from the end of the 20th century. Since water is a source of radiation and is sensitive to external radiation, water is an aqua-radio system. Under even weak external influences, water is characterized by phase transitions of the second order under external weak influences, at which its ΔUtotal ≈ 0. At the first resonance stage, a quickly coordinated and conjugated transformation |ΔUfree|↔|ΔUconnect| occurs, which changes the properties of water. The second stage is a slow return to its original state, i.e., structural-temporal hysteresis is observed. The change in the properties of water as a result of a phase transition of the second kind is called aquacommunication. Given that living things in molecular composition consist of 99% of water, all living things are also aqua-systems.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2021;100(1):19-24
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Biological effects of oxygen-enriched drinking water. Review. Part 2

Rakhmanin J., Egorova N., Mihajlova R., Ryzhova I., Kochetkova M.

摘要

Human life on Earth depends on the continuous availability of oxygen. Conditions for the entry of oxygen into the body’s cells change in time and space, are easily broken, thus causing the possibility of development of hypoxia - a condition of oxygen starvation of tissues. The second part of the review is devoted to information about the successful use of oxygen-rich water in domestic therapeutic and surgical practice in complex treatment to reduce the negative effect of hypoxia in patients with chronic heart failure and generalized peritonitis complicated by intestinal insufficiency syndrome. Authors consider a common method for improving the supply of oxygen to the body using enteral oxygen therapy - oxygen cocktails in diseases of the cardiovascular system, lungs, bronchi and gastrointestinal tract, atopic dermatitis, placental insufficiency, as well as to improve physical performance, reduce the level of neuroticism and normalize the psychoemotional status. The first part of the review provides data on the modern understanding processes providing oxygen homeostasis in cells, on the critical component responsible for regulating the molecular response to hypoxia - the Hypoxia-Inducible Factors (HIFs) of the family of transcription factors. The possibility to compensate for the lack of oxygen in the body by delivering it to cells and tissues was indicated to consider water and various oxygen cocktails. Data from experimental studies of the biological effect of oxygenated drinking water are analyzed, as well as the results of studying the effects of oxygen-enriched drinking water with the participation of volunteers. The issue of the formation of oxygen (free) radicals when drinking oxygen-enriched drinking water is considered. The review draws specialist’s attention to the problem of the biological effect of oxygen-enriched drinking water, its insufficient knowledge and the possible yet unrealized potential in terms of preventing various diseases and maintaining optimal human health.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2021;100(1):25-29
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Impact of metal nanoparticles on the ecology of aquatic biocenosis and microbial communities (Review)

Sosedova L., Titov E., Novikov M., Shurygina I., Shurygin M.

摘要

This review contains analysis and generalization of data about aquatic ecotoxicity of metal nanoparticles study. This study showed the effect of their impact on the viability of protozoa, algae, microbial communities. A multi-level approach proves to be important as it considers the main characteristics of the studied materials: solubility, agglomeration, degradation. The transformation in the aquatic environment is important in the study of aquatic ecotoxicity. For assessing the state of environment in ecotoxicological experiments, the Great Daphnia (Daphnia magna) was used as a critical organism of the freshwater ecosystem, due to its high sensitivity to environmental pollution, small body size, and short lifespan. In this regard, numerous studies on the effect of nanoparticles on the state of aquatic ecosystem are carried out on Daphnia magna. The review presents some methodological approaches to test the toxicity of nanoparticles in aquatic environment and assessing their stability. It is proposed to carry out a total assessment of the effect based on the content of pollutants in water with different toxic potentials, given that organisms, including aquatic organisms, are rarely exposed to certain chemicals. A promising approach to the assessment of cytotoxicity is high-throughput screening (HTS), which offers the opportunity to quickly test the effects of nanoparticles on bacteria in parallel in several concentrations. Algae are the most important participants in ecosystem and main components of the food chain. It allows recommending them as a marker when monitoring the environmental pollution by metal nanoparticles. Particular attention is paid to perspectives for further wider use of nanostructured products as adsorbents in wastewater treatment and recultivation processes. Search and selection of sources for review carried out in open databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and RSCI (Russian Science Citation Index) for 2007 - 2018 period.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2021;100(1):30-35
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Measures aimed at preventing in medical institutions the transmission of Epstein–Barr virus infection (review)

Solomay T., Semenenko T.

摘要

To systematize the existing methods, techniques, and means of non-specific prevention transmission of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in medical institutions, the authors perform a comprehensive analysis of data from domestic and foreign literature. Information was collected using Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, the Cochrane Library, PubMed, RSCI, Cyberleninka. The analysis revealed data confirming the relevance of EBV infection for different areas of clinical medicine. Researchers do not classify EBV as a causative agent of diseases associated with medical care. Measures aimed at preventing transmission of EBV infection similar to those of other illnesses should consider the existing mechanisms of the transmission and the pathogen’s characteristics. The lifetime persistence of EBV in the human body, the presence of the pathogen in various organs and tissues during the active infection, the polymorphism of clinical manifestations of the disease, along with errors in compliance with disinfection and sterilization regimes, create a risk of cross-infection in medical institutions of various profiles. Intensive introduction into medical practice of modern including invasive methods of diagnosis and treatment assisted reproductive technologies; medical equipment contributes to the emergence of new factors of transmission of EBV infection and requires the development of standard protocols for their disinfection and sterilization. To improve medical staff’s competence it is necessary to introduce more widely training activities on preventive and anti-epidemic measures in the system of continuing medical education.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2021;100(1):36-41
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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Polymorphism of TGF-β1, TР53, CHEK2, ATM genes аnd chromosomal aberrations in workers at coal thermal electric power station

Minina V., Nelyubova Y., Sokolova A., Savchenko Y., Ryzhkova A., Soboleva O., Astaf’Eva E., Glushkov A.

摘要

Introduction. Working conditions at coal-fired power plants cause an increased risk of the formation of chromosomal damage in workers. The contribution of the variability of the structure of the genes controlling the cell cycle and apoptosis to the occurrence of cytogenetic disorders induced by such mutagens has been little studied.

Material and methods. The polymorphic variants of the genes: TP53 (rs1042522), CHEK2 (rs555607708), ATM (rs1801516), TGF-β1 (rs1800469), and the level of chromosomal aberrations (CA) in the lymphocytes of the blood were studied. Three hundred twenty-six workers of coal-fired power plants and 267 individuals who did not work in industrial enterprises were examined. All individuals were Caucasians, residents of Kemerovo (Western Siberia, Russia).

Results. The level of CA in blood lymphocytes in thermal power plant workers was established to be statistically significantly higher than that of residents of the same locality who never works in industrial enterprises (3.05 ± 0.09% versus 1.67 ± 0.07%, p = 0, 000001). The prevalence of the polymorphic variants of the TP53 (rs1042522), CHEK2 (rs555607708), ATM (rs1801516), TGF-β1 (rs1800469) genes in the group of workers was the same to those in the comparison group and corresponded to the global data obtained in Caucasians. In the group of workers with the TT genotype of the TGF-β1 gene, the frequency of metaphases with chromosome damage was statistically significantly higher than in individuals with the CC genotype (4.07 ± 0.41% versus 2.85 ± 0.10%, p = 0.006).

Discussion. For the first time a significant contribution of polymorphic variants of TGF-β1 genes to the formation of chromosomal damage in working coal-fired power plants was revealed. This may be associated with an increased level of expression of the multifunctional cytokine TGF-β1 in owners of the TT genotype and its ability to influence proliferation, apoptosis, telomerase activity, and other critical cellular processes.

Conclusion. The results of the study I, ndicate that not only the complex of industrial genotoxicants, but also individual genetic characteristics of the organism can influence on the formation of cytogenetic disorders in workers at thermal power plants.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2021;100(1):42-48
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Physical activity and health of university professors

Smagulov N., Loginov S., Evnevich A., Adilbekova A., Gitenis N.

摘要

Introduction. One kind of mental work is the work of teachers. The combination of university professors’ labor activity of high social responsibility, social discomfort, low physical activity (PA) in university professors’ training causes high tension and, in some places, overstrain of the systems of regulation of vegetative functions.

Aim of the study: the influence of physical activity on the health indices of university professors.

Material and methods. Objects of study: professors (teachers) of Surgut State University (RF): of general profile (low physical activity) and sports profile (high PA). Authors applied physiological, questionnaire, statistical methods.

Results. The questionnaire survey and showings of pedometer showed that for general teachers PA is much lower than for teachers of sports profile. The low percentage of teachers with a bodyweight index that qualifies for ‘normal’ proved the low PA. Among the reasons for low PA, teachers note a lack of time and high overload. Low PA is detrimental to health outcomes. Low PA affects the resistance of the organism, in particular the incidence. According to a questionnaire survey, 52.1% of general profile teachers reported having problems with the cardiovascular system, while 23.0% of sports profile teachers had the same diseases. General profile teachers in educational activities show a higher level of functional stress of the cardiovascular system. Low PA causes an imbalance of the ergotropic and trophotropic systems in the central nervous system. Simultaneously, sports profile teachers have more activation of the ergotropic system to induce adaptation mechanisms in general profile teachers using hypokinesia to activate the ergotropic system aimed at sanogenesis.

Conclusion. Low PA reduces the functional activity of organs and systems, violates the regulatory mechanisms that ensure their relationship, which may affect the organism resistance by various adverse factors.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2021;100(1):49-54
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PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION

Features of transcutaneous penetration of lead into the human body

Kashuba N.

摘要

Introduction. One of the features of lead is its high ability to disintegrate and significantly contaminate the environment. The contamination of hands or the whole body with lead creates a high probability of penetrating micro- and nanoparticles through the skin into the body. Nowadays, this process is not sufficiently studied. There is evidence that inorganic compounds or metallic particles of lead can penetrate through the skin into a human body.

Material and methods. centrifuge 10000 rpm, laser emitter (wavelength 625-740 nm), optical microscope, voltampermetric analyzer ABA-2, Analysette 12 Dyna Sizer, magnetic stirrer, distiller, Na2S solution. The studies were conducted in 2017-2018 among the workers of battery sections of technical service stations in Ternopol - 17 people. The research results were processed by the statistical package SPSS 19.

Results. The process of mechanical contamination by the skin with lead, rejection of micro particles from the surface of lead, and, to a lesser extent, ultrafine nanoparticles, which can penetrate the sweat glands, was established to occur. The studies have shown in the washings from the palms particles’ skin are detected mainly in the size of 1 μm - 100 nm. In the process of finding the particles of lead in the sweat glands, their length decreases to Nanoscale, allowing them freely entering the body. The decrease in particle size in the sweat glands occurs due to the formation of soluble lead compounds. Presumably, the main chemical contributing to this process is lactic acid. With increasing exposure, the size of lead particles in the sweat glands decreases. Intensive cleaning of the skin surface by mechanical methods, and detergents, followed by contamination with lead, promotes the penetration of lead particles into the sweat glands and its further spread in the body. The intense physical activity was established to contribute to a decrease in particle size, which suggests chemical interaction of lead with lactic acid and the formation of soluble lead lactate. The assumption is confirmed by studies of the composition of sweat, which is detected lead lactate.

Conclusion. The lead ability to penetrating a human body transcutaneously in the form of nanoparticles and soluble compounds has been proven. Intense physical activity facilitates the penetration of lead into the body.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2021;100(1):55-59
pages 55-59 views

HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT

Assessment of the prevalence of risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases among employees of the North-Eastern Federal University

Popova E., Ivanova S., Savvina N., Arkhipova N., Popov I., Ascarova Z., Sinambel Y., Avvakumova N., Chibyeva L.

摘要

Introduction. According to WHO experts, chronic non-communicable disease (NCD) is the leading worldwide medical and social problem. In recent decades, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) population showed changes in nutrition habits, physical activity reduction. It increased the spread of modified chronic NCD’s risk factors.

Material and methods. The authors performed a one-stage study of modified risk factors and frequency analysis of chronic NCD in the North-Eastern Federal University (NEFU) employees who had medical check-ups in 2017 (n = 800): men (n = 260), women (n = 540). The attendees’ age varied from 30 to 54 years. Abdominal obesity (AO) was diagnosed by two criteria: men’s waist ≥ 90 cm and women’s waist ≥ 80 for Asia residents (IDF1); men’s waist ≥ 94 cm and women’s waist ≥ 80 for European residents (IDF2) (IDF, 2006).

Results. This analysis of the study group of NEFU employees showed the median level of SYS and DYS, glucose in serum, and the waist index in both groups, regardless of gender, to be within reference values. The most frequent risk factors of chronic NCD were hypercholesterolemia and abdominal obesity (p = 0.000). A spread of hypercholesterolemia was 16.8%, in men (23.5%) more frequently than in women (13. Every fourth woman and every third man had AO according to IDF criteria compared to attendees without AO (p = 0.000).

Conclusion. A significant positive correlation between AO and age, SYS, DYS, cholesterol and glucose in serum was identified.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2021;100(1):60-65
pages 60-65 views

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS

The influence of anilinopyrimidine and carbamate derivatives on the rat redox status

Rakitskii V., Masaltsev G., Veshchemova T., Chhvirkija E., Lokhin K.

摘要

Introduction. Oxidative stress can occur as the response to the toxic effects of pesticides. A study of the effect of two generic pesticides on the enzymes of the antioxidant defense system of warm-blooded animals was carried out within the framework of chronic food exposure.

Material and Methods. 90 conventional male rats were kept in the vivarium of the Federal scientific center of hygiene named after F.F. Erisman for a year. Test objects including fungicide of the anilinopyrimidines class (compound A) and insecticide from of the carbamates class (compound B) were introduced into animal feed at doses of 0; 2; 20; 120 and 240 mg/kg body weight and 0; 2.5; 5 and 20 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Doses corresponded to the ranges found in the reports by the Joint Meeting of the FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues for the original compounds in chronic toxicity studies. The effect of the studied compounds on the general antioxidant status (the activity of enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPO), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT)) was assessed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months.

Results. The test objects caused statistically significant changes in enzyme activity as early as at 3 months of the treatment, compared with animals of the concurrent negative control. For the compound A: a statistically significant dose-dependent increase in the activity of GR (Rho = 0.381, p = 0.017) and GAP (Rho = 0.355, p = 0.024), but not SOD and CAT, was recorded at 12 months. The compound B caused a statistically significant dose-dependent increase in SOD activity at 9 and 12 months (Rho = 0.491, p = 0.006; Rho = 0.506, p = 0.003)

Conclusion. These observations indicate that compounds A and B could promote lipid peroxidation. Oxidative burst was registered in response to the influence of the compound B, which may have been caused by apoptosis of T-lymphocytes.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2021;100(1):66-72
pages 66-72 views

Phagocytosis of alveolar macrophages in experimental animals exposed to chrosotil– asbestos dust

Koygeldinova S., Ibrayev S., Bazeluk L., Kasymova A., Talaspayeva A.

摘要

Introduction. The exposure to dust, including chrysotile asbestos, is known to lead to the mobilization of alveolar macrophages, accompanied by the activation of free radical oxidation and the release of mediators stimulating fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis.

Material and methods. Thirty outbred male rats were divided into two groups: 1 - control with a period of 4 months (n = 15), the 2-experienced group subjected to 4-month seed with chrysotile asbestos dust (n = 15). Under ether anesthesia, animals of the experimental group once were installed intratracheally in the respiratory tract using a syringe 1.0 ml of the sterile saline solution containing a suspension (50 mg) of chrysotile dust - asbestos. Then, the animals were killed, their bronchial washes, centrifuged, smears from the sediment, were subsequently visualized with a microscope. Fat metabolism was assessed by the content of phospholipids in the cell, according to G.A. Merkulov. Determination of hydroxyproline in the pulmonary homogenate. The statistical differences between the two groups were assessed with the Student’s t-test. Data were expressed as mean ± SE. Probability values of p <0.05 were considered significant.

Results. The chronic exposure to chrysotile asbestos dust with a period of 4 months was found to causes a decrease in the activity of phagocytic cells and an increase in the destructive forms of alveolar macrophages in bronchoalveolar washes, excessive accumulation of phospholipids and an increase in oxyproline. Pneumofibrosis develops due to the cytotoxic and membrane-damaging effect of chrysotile asbestos dust.

Conclusion. Thus, chrysotile asbestos dust from the Zhitikarinsky site, attributed to nanoparticles and multicomponent in chemical composition, has a cytotoxic effect, accompanied by activation of phagocytic pulmonary membrane and membrane-destructive changes in cells with accumulation of phospholipids.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2021;100(1):73-76
pages 73-76 views

DISCUSSIONS

Electrostatic mechanisms for the spread of coronaviruses

Ryabov Y.

摘要

Clothing of a person in motion electrifies and causes around his body intensive reproduction of particles of air ions, atoms, and air molecules, aerosols (similar in size to particles of coronaviruses), which are non-contact, in moments of discharge from clothing, currents of displacement and transmission (or air flow) are transferred to the environment, similar to the processes of inhalation of electroaerosols or powder. Waveform recorded outbreaks of coronal discharges (CD) - (pulses of more than 25.0 kV/m) the electrostatic field intensity tension (EFI) recorded by the IRI-04M device on human clothing in casual clothing and shoes, and non-contact (0.4-1.2) m of communication of people in the process of movement in the winter road. In the process of human interaction in antistatic clothing and footwear, current emissions (pulses less than 3.0 kV/m), almost not recorded, indicates the absence of outbreaks of CD. The most likely mechanical attachment (the first phase of absorption) to the target cell was shown to be performed by negatively charged (rather than neutral) particles of coronaviruses. The peak of the spread of coronaviruses in the premises occurs in the conditions of the heating period. In the environment, the peak of distribution depends on seasonal conditions of atmospheric electricity - in autumn and spring higher, in winter and summer being 3-5 times lower. Recommendations are given to normalize anti-static conditions in the premises and to monitor the safety of the clothes of the medical worker at the entrance to the danger zone. The method, the self-control tool (the instrument IRI-04M, located on the sternum of the body) and the criterion of safe electrification of the human - a tension of less than 4.5 kV/m, when there is still no reproduction and transfer of coronavirus particles with a diameter of more than 30 nm.
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2021;100(1):77-82
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REMARKABLE EVENTS AND DATES

Remarkable and anniversaries in the history of hygiene and sanitation 2021

Article E.

摘要

Историко-медицинские события и открытия

Персоналии
Hygiene and Sanitation. 2021;100(1):83-84
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OBITUARY

To the memory of Evgeny Nikolaevich Belyaev

Article E.

摘要

Санитарно-эпидемиологическая служба Российской Федерации понесла невосполнимую утрату – 25 января 2021 г. на 84-м году жизни скончался учёный, организатор отечественного здравоохранения и медицинской науки, государственный деятель, академик Российской академии медико-технических наук и Международной академии информатизации, член-корреспондент РАМН (2005 г., в настоящее время – РАН), главный государственный санитарный врач РСФСР (1990–1992), Главный государственный санитарный врач Российской Федерации (1992–1996, доктор медицинских наук, профессор (1999), заслуженный врач Российской Федерации (2002) Евгений Николаевич Беляев.

Hygiene and Sanitation. 2021;100(1):85-86
pages 85-86 views