Том 101, № 1 (2022)

Introduction. The marine animal Trichoplax (Placozoa), which has the animalcular organization among invertebrates, but with outstanding social behaviour and specific movement of the body and its cells, is a model animal for studying various biophysical and chemical processes, including responses to external stimuli. In the articles of specialists from many universities, the problem of Trichoplax phototaxis (Placozoa) is covered in a hypothetical and declarative form. However, there are no specific studies on the behavioural response of these protozoa and their cells to monochrome light signals with different wavelengths that are characteristic of its light habitat at a depth of 5 to 20 meters.

Materials and methods. The studies were conducted on laboratory animals Trichoplax sp. H2. Studies of the behavioural response of Trichoplax were performed using modern methods of optical microscopy: Nikon Eclipse Ts2R-Fl Optical Microscope; optical microscopes: Nikon SMZ-1270, Stemi 305; An optical microscope “Leonardo 3.0“(specially designed for the project) allows simultaneously observing the behaviour of a group of Trichoplax and each Trichoplax of this group at a low level of illumination and a stable temperature of its aquatic habitat. Two web cameras were used in the microscope-the upper one with a 1.9 Mp matrix and the lower one — 5 Mp).

Results. The theoretical analysis of the spectral composition of light and the degree of its polarization in the marine habitat of the protozoan multicellular animal Trichoplax (Placozoa) and the features of its gene-cell structure is carried out. Based on the laws of hydrooptics and the survival strategy (“food-prey”), the coordinate axes of the light-medium for Trichoplax are determined (the light vertical (395 nm) and two horizontal light axes — the reflected horizontal light from the food (green — 532 nm) and the fluorescent light coming from the aragonite shell of the predator mollusc (red — 630 nm). Based on the animal’s responses to these RGB light stimuli, the hypothesis of RGB phototaxis in Trichoplax and the kinesis of its cells was expressed and confirmed. The monochrome light signals red — 630 nm, green — 532 nm and blue — 395 nm are selected for Trichoplax control.

Limitations of the study. In the study of Trichoplax (Placozoa), the behavioural response of this animal and its cells to monochrome light signals with different wavelengths was studied using modern optical microscopy methods, which make it possible to simultaneously observe the behaviour of both the Trichoplax group and each animal of this group at a low level of illumination and stable temperature of its aquatic environment.

Conclusion. For the first time, the behaviour of Trichoplax and its cells was controlled using light signals, and the presence of RGB phototaxis and kinesis in its cells was also proved in Trichoplax. The discovery of the RGB-taxis Trichoplax (Placozoa) changed the established scientific ideas in the evolution of colour vision in animals Trichoplax (Placozoa) and the human visual analyzer functioning of its pineal gland. The presented method can be used in hygienic studies of the influence of external pollutants on the environment and the effect of light on the human pineal gland.

Contributions:

Kaptsov V.A. — Assessment of the correctness of the hypothesis and the methodology of the experiment and discussion of the results;

Deinego V.N. — Discussion of the hypothesis at the stage of its formation. Technical assistance in the preparation of equipment, participation in experiments;

Kozyritsky D.V. — Hypothesizing and developing equipment, experimenting, forming a film based on the experiment results.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: March 11, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: February 09, 2022

Introduction. The transformation of substances is an urgent problem of environmental hygiene. Urea (carbamide) is a product of human and animal life — enters water objects with household collector wastewater, surface runoff in areas that use urea as fertilizer, waste discharges from livestock complexes, and effluents of enterprises that produce carbamide. Two aspects of the problems associated with urea contamination of water bodies can be identified: the lack of a direct instrumental method for controlling urea and the lack of a comprehensive approach to controlling urea and its biotransformation products: ammonium, nitrites and nitrates. These two factors determined the relevance of the research. 

Materials and methods. The studies used the «Stayer» ionic chromatography system with anionic and cationic separation columns: Phenomenex Star-Ion™ A-300 100/4.6 USA; Shodex IC YS-50 150/4.6 Japan; when developing the urea analysis method, the «Aquilon» cationic column AQULINE C1P, 5µ,150/4.6 was used. The detection is conductometric and amperometric. The research objects were: surface, bottled, tap water, model water solutions of carbamide. As a urease source, the soil (sod-podzolic) from the Educational and Experimental Soil-Ecological Center of the Lomonosov Moscow State University “Chashnikovo” was used.

Results. A new highly sensitive ion chromatographic method for determining urea in the water of various water bodies with a sensitivity of 5 mg/dm³ with direct sample input and using sample preparation — 0.5 mg/dm³ is proposed. The results of studies of model aqueous solutions of urea, surface water, tap water of Moscow, many bottled water samples on the content of urea and products of its biochemical transformation are presented. The presence of urea in the surface water and tap water of Moscow was revealed, and a correlation between the urea content and ammonium ions, nitrites and nitrates in the water was stated.

Limitations of the study. The studies were carried out with waters whose total mineralization did not exceed 15 mg-eq/dm³ (water of river Don), and the urea content established in the water samples was not lower than 0.5 mg/dm³.

Conclusion. When monitoring urea contamination of various water bodies, it is necessary to consider the products of its biotransformation under the action of urease, for as a result of the processes of urea biotransformation, a low-toxic substance can form more toxic products: nitrites, nitrates and ammonium. Applying the kinetic approach to study the processes of urea biotransformation in water under model conditions showed that the extreme type of kinetic curves corresponds to the formation of intermediate products — nitrites, and the increasing type corresponds to the formation and accumulation of final products — nitrates and ammonium ions.

Contribution:

Abramov E.G. — collection and processing of material, statistics, writing a text.

Malysheva А.G. — research concept and design, writing a text, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August 4, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: February 09, 2022

Introduction. The processes of socio-economic restructuring in recent decades, taking place in our country, have led to a reduction in the volume and deterioration in the quality of measures to protect various components of the human environment from contamination by parasitosis pathogens. The number of diagnostic examinations of the population to identify patients with parasitic diseases has decreased. Every year, the interest in this problem of the medical and scientific community increases in the scientific literature of both foreign and Russian authors. There are more and more new prerequisites for studying the interaction of the intestinal microflora, parasites, the immune response inflammatory processes of the human body. Today, the role of parasitic intestinal protozoa Blastocystis spp., and in some cases aggravated by the addition of opportunistic fungi of the genus Candida spp., is increasingly being discussed in human pathology. 

The aim of the study was to assess the possible relationship between the presence of blastocyst invasion in the examined group of “practically healthy people” with various abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract (diarrhoea, constipation, single or repeated pain, etc.), immunopathological processes (skin rashes, intolerance to any food, etc.), as well as the addition of opportunistic fungal microflora of the genus Candida spp.

Materials and methods. A complex of parasitological and additional research methods was used, including a culture method for isolating fungi of the Candida spp. A complete analysis of the personal data received from the analyzed group was carried out.

Results. The results of studies of the intestine’s clinical material (faeces) and the analysis of personal data in the surveyed “conditionally healthy” group of respondents confirmed our assumption about the pathological effect of blastocyst invasion on the conditionally healthy intestinal microflora and, accordingly, human health.

Limitations. The limitations of this study make it possible to apply the findings to the health of the adult, non-old, able-bodied population and, at the same time, take into account regional characteristics in the development of mixed infections of parasitic and fungal genesis in humans. In this regard, we consider it possible to apply the findings to all regions with similar living conditions (urban lifestyle, cold and temperate climate, etc.)

Conclusions. It is necessary to continue conducting further observations and research of various groups (individuals) in various regions of the Russian Federation, participating in the development of educational and practical algorithms for laboratory diagnostics of parasitoses and mycoses for specialists in clinical laboratories.

Contribution:

Aslanova M.M. — the concept and design of the study, collection of material and literature data, statistical analysis, writing a text, editing;

Gololobova T.V. — the concept and design of the study, writing а text;

Maniya T.R. — collection of material and literature data, statistical analysis;

Kurbatova I.V. — collection of literature data;

Rakitina D.V., Starodubova N.Yu. — collection of material and data processing, statistical processing;

Zagainova A.V., Yudin S.M. — editing.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgement. The research was carried out within the framework of the research work “Development of technologies for cryopreservation and archiving of biological samples of human microecological resources (code Cryobank)”.

Received: September 17, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: February 09, 2022

Introduction. The working population health is the basis of human capital, which is a factor in the country’s sustainable economic development. The conditions of occupational activity rank first in the structure of health factors of a working person. 

Materials and methods. The working conditions and the structure of the newly identified occupational morbidity at a metallurgical enterprise located in the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan are analyzed based on statistical reporting documents on newly established occupational diseases for the period 2011–2019 and the hygienic characteristics of labour assessment presented by Rospotrebnadzor specialists with suspicion of an occupational aetiology of the diseases.

Results. Over the past number of years, workers in manufacturing industries of the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB) have been diagnosed annually from 2.16 to 6.76 cases of occupational diseases per 10 thousand workers, which makes it possible to attribute these industries to a high level of occupational risk. Over the past decade, 117 cases (11 to 26 cases per year) of occupational diseases were detected at the enterprise for the first time. In the structure of nosological forms, musculoskeletal system diseases and connective tissue rank first.

Limitations of the study. The limitation of this study is the lack of complete information about working conditions in the presented sanitary and hygienic characteristics. In recent years, there has been a decrease in registered occupational morbidity against the background of minor changes in working conditions. The identification of occupational diseases is often associated with the level of competence of employees of medical institutions who examine the relationship of the disease with the occupation and certain attitudes of the employee and employer.

Conclusion. The working conditions of metallurgical workers are characterized by the impact of a complex of occupational factors, the leading of which is the intensity of the work process. The working conditions of this process are considered to be harmful Class 3 (3.3). Between 2011 and 2019, the link between the disease and occupational activity was established in 117 cases, mainly in workers (wire drawers, wire winders, repairmen, metal sorters) experiencing significant physical dynamic loads.

Contribution:

Masyagutova L.M., Abdrakhmanova E.R. — writing a text;

Bakirov A.B., Gimranova G.G. — the concept and design of the study;

Akhmetshina V.T., Gabdulvaleeva E.F., Khafizova A.S., Volgareva A.D. — the collection and processing of the material;

Gizatullina L.G. — statistical analysis.

All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interests. The authors declare the absence of conflict of interests.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsor support.

Received: September 1, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: February 09, 2022

Introduction. The high relevance of the medical, social and economic aspects of preserving and strengthening the health of children and schoolchildren, which is primarily formed due to the conditions of upbringing and education, is determined by the fact that they are a crucial resource for the development of Russia. 

Material and methods. The research was carried out based on representative data of preventive examinations of children and schoolchildren of the Rostov region for 2010-2019. A complex of standard and original statistical methods was applied, including calculating regional criteria for assessing the situation. 

Results. I and II health groups include 86.79% of children 0-14 years old and 85.83 % of schoolchildren, III — 11.12 % and 11.83 %, IV — 0.48 % and 0.62 %, V — 1.60 % and 1.72 %.
The prevalence of scoliosis (18.00 ‰) and violation of posture (50.07 ‰) are characterized by tendencies to decrease, decrease in visual acuity (49.97 ‰) — to rise. The prevalence of decreased visual acuity and poor posture is higher in cities — by 1.48 and 1.33 times, respectively; scoliosis – in rural areas by 1.16 times. The trend analysis and prediction suggest a decrease in the prevalence of scoliosis and violation of posture and an increase in the prevalence of the drop in visual acuity During the period of schooling from the first to the ninth grades, under the influence of a complex of unfavourable factors, the prevalence of scoliosis increases by 5.27 times, violation of posture – by 2.67 times, decreased visual acuity — by 2.44 times. The robust and significant correlation between the prevalence of violation of posture and scoliosis confirms the commonality of potential risk factors. The situation was assessed based on regional criteria, areas of risk that require additional optimization measures were identified. 

Limitations. The results obtained require verification on similar data for other administrative territories and an increase in the period of dynamic monitoring of the health status of children and teenagers-schoolchildren. 

Conclusions. Monitoring the health status of children and adolescent schoolchildren improving information and analytical support are essential areas of activity in the system of social and hygienic monitoring of the Rostov region at the present stage.

Contribution.

Marchenko B.I. — research concept and design, material collection and processing, statistical processing, writing a text.

Zhuravlev P.V. — research concept and design, material collection and processing, editing.

Aydinov G.T. — editing.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: April 8, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: February 09, 2022

Introduction. Drugs are needed to counteract oxidative stress to prevent toxic liver damage. Relevant and promising is the use of analysis of changes in gene expression under the influence of drugs to assess the effectiveness of their use and identify the molecular genetic mechanisms of the development of hepatotoxicity.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the drugs “Heptor”, “Mexidol”, and “Oxymethyluracil” (OMU) on the level of expression of the Sod1 gene in the liver of rats with carbon tetrachloride lesion of the liver.

Material and methods. The experiment was performed on 70 male outbred white rats. The control group received olive oil subcutaneously; first experimental group — subcutaneous carbon tetrachloride (CTC); second experimental group — CTC and intraperitoneal “Heptor”; third experimental — CTC and subcutaneous “Mexidol”; fourth experimental — CTC and oral OMU. The material was collected at two-time intervals, 24 and 72 hours. To analyze the expression of the studied gene, quantitative RT-PCR in real-time mode was carried.

Results. The use of all three drugs after 72 h resulted in a decrease in the Sod1 gene expression level under oxidative stress induced by CTC. OMU exerted the most significant influence on the transcriptional activity of the Sod1 gene. 

Limitations. The limitations of the study are due to the methodology of the analysis: since expression was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR in real time, we evaluated the transcriptional activity of the gene without taking into account further post-transcriptional regulation of expression.

Conclusion. The study results indicate the ability of the studied hepatoprotectors to suppress the expression of the Sod1 gene in rat liver when exposed to CTC. It can be assumed that the studied drugs, through a change in the expression of the Sod1 gene, can participate in the regulation of free radical processes in liver damage.

Contribution:

Karimov D.O., Mukhammadiyeva G.F. — research concept and design, writing the text.

Bakirov A.B. — research concept and design, editing.

Ziatdinova M.M., Kudoyarov E.R., Khusnutdinova N.Yu., Yakupova T.G. — collection and processing of material.

Valova Ya.V. — statistical data processing.

All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Acknowledgements. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Received: September 1, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: February 09, 2022

However, raising the official retirement age requires considering various factors that directly or indirectly affect the working capacity of elderly citizens who continue their labour activity, primarily depending on the physical and mental state of their health and the socio-economic conditions of their life in general.

The purpose of the analytical review is to summarize the data of foreign and domestic studies aimed at identifying various factors that positively or negatively affect the working capacity of working older people. 

We searched for publications in the Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, The Cochrane Library, SciELO, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka, RSCI databases to find studies published from 2011 to 2021. Descriptors were used that included terms related to disability, ageing, and older people. Quantitative observational studies were included to examine the effect of various factors on working capacity in old age. Studies aimed at analyzing the clinical course of diseases associated with ageing and/or articles and publications in editorials, interviews, projects, clinical notes, review reports were excluded. 

Seven hundred forty-four articles were received, 24 of which were included in the analysis. Variables that showed a negative correlation with the ability to work in the elderly included: bad habits, working hours, and physical requirements for professional activity. Life satisfaction, adequate income, physical activity, volunteering and mental workload were considered factors that positively affect the working capacity of older people. 

Conclusion. Aggregated data from previous studies have shown protective mechanisms against depression, disability and loss of performance, maintenance of physical and mental well-being, good cognitive function and autonomy in daily activities in the elderly.

Contribution:

Anishchenko E.B. — research concept and design, data collection and processing, writing text, editing;

Trankovskaya L.V. — research concept and design, editing;

Vazhenina A.A. — data collection and processing, writing text, editing;

Kaptsov V.A. — research concept and design, writing text, editing.

All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: September 1, 2021 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: February 09, 2022

The title of this article reproduces the intentions of the creators of the health cards and the hopes of their modern viewers. Judging by the statements, they wanted to see and show the state of the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Russian Empire and wanted to do it as reliably and clearly as possible. The article’s authors asked themselves a question: have these desires and hopes come true, that is — are now the tables of sanitary statistics and disease maps “health passports” of various administrative and territorial units of the Russian Empire? Can historians use them as reliable evidence? In order to answer this question, it was necessary to reconstruct then existing system for recording and collecting data on infectious patients, diseases and pathogenicity, ways of their aggregation and representation. Only then would it be possible to find out how these data were applied to conditional terrain images, why either manufactured terrain plans or an administrative map of the empire were used, what was visible and what was in the dark zone.

The article’s authors found that the resources available in post-reform Russia did not make it possible to make the collection of sanitary statistics total for the entire territory timely, and even more so to organise a retest of practical information. The supply of information depended on the density of the network of medical institutions in the empire and doctors’ ideas about the value of such information. This circumstance ensured fragmented, multi-temporal and spatial asymmetry in showing the sanitary condition of the Russian Empire and the morbidity of its inhabitants. On this basis, medical historians are advised to read these mediums in the reverse perspective: high morbidity rates should be read as evidence of well-organised medical care (i.e. relative epidemic well-being) and vice versa.

Contribution. All co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 19-48-04110) and The German Research Foundation (DFG).

Received: November 30, 2020 / Accepted: November 25, 2021 / Published: February 09, 2022

6 ноября 2021 исполнилось 100 лет со дня рождения Галины Николаевны Сердюковской — академика РАМН, доктора медицинских наук, профессора, директора НИИ гигиены детей и подростков с 1963 г. по 1996 г.

8 января ушла из жизни Людмила Михайловна Сухарева — известный гигиенист, один из самых авторитетных специалистов в России в области гигиены и охраны здоровья детей и подростков, доктор медицинских наук, профессор.