Том 98, № 10 (2019)

The antimicrobial properties of various chemical compounds are significantly different. These differences are determined as the properties of the chemical compound and the properties of applied microorganisms. To determine the antimicrobial activity and establish the minimum effective concentrations of the most common chemical compounds, the Research Institute for Disinfectology of the Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare Supervision Rospotrebnadzor conducted extensive research. The antimicrobial properties of chemical compounds were studied in relation to the main test microorganisms - gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, fungi, mold, viruses. The results obtained allowed establishing the minimum effective concentration for 9 chemical compounds in relation to 10 test microorganisms.

Introduction. Snow cover can be considered a reliable index of air pollution, it provides information on the spatial distribution of chemical compounds and the intensity of exposure to emission sources over a certain period. The need for snow cover studies is connected with the fact that precipitation not only reflects the state of atmospheric air, but also is a component of the balance of surface waters, and affects the state of soils, vegetation, and groundwater. Priority pollutants accumulated in the snow cover include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs), posing a public health hazard in urban areas.

Materials and methods. To assess the level of contamination of different areas of snow cover in the zones, 9 sites were selected at different distances from stationary sources. Sampling was carried out in the period of maximum snow accumulation in the form of cores over the entire depth. There were used methods of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, fluorimetry.

Results. The data on the content of PAH and PHs in the snow cover of the city of Shelekhov of the Irkutsk region are presented. The rates of atmospheric deposition of PAHs, determined by their concentrations in the snow cover, were established to be high in this area. The maximum content of the amount of PAH – 134.7 µg/l and 78.0 µg/l, petroleum hydrocarbons 0.98 µg/l and 0.32 µg/l was found in the levels closest to stationary sources. The total content of benzo(a)pyrene at all points exceeds the background value on average 10.6–29.4 times.

Conclusion. The data on the content of PAH and PH in the snow cover of the town of Shelekhov of the Irkutsk region are presented. Rates of atmospheric deposition of PAHs, determined by their concentrations in the snow cover, were established to be high in this area. The maximum content of the amount of PAH – 134.7 µg/l and 78.0 µg/l, petroleum hydrocarbons 0.98 µg/l and 0.32 µg/l was found in the levels closest to stationary sources. The total content of benzo(a)pyrene at all points exceeds the background value on average by 10.6-29.4 times.

Introduction. The importance of attracting to predict the development of hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) nonspecific indices of violations of the basic functional systems, for which the dose or exposure dependences can be clearly established, is shown. There is shown the importance of attracting non-specific indices of violations of the main functional systems of the body, for which dose or exposure dependencies can be clearly established to predict the development of vibrational disease (VD) due to a local vibration.

Material and methods. The studies were carried out on the information array of personalized indices of the functional systems in aircraft production workers exposed to local vibration. There was used a multiplicity of exceeding the maximum dose of vibration as an index of the vibration effect during the work. Information-entropy modeling was used to predict the risk of changes in functional systems formation.

Results. Analysis of calculations in different variants of diagnostic models allowed drawing a conclusion that the pathological indices of the main activity of the brain and thyroid system made the greatest contribution (82.6%) to HAVS formation among the studied combinations. In the model with the consideration of the indices of the main activity of the brain and the thyroid system, an increase in the equivocation of the system to almost 100% were and by 3 times increasing differences between the coefficients of redundancy characterizing the relative organization of the system in the norm and pathology were noted.

Conclusion. The conducted studies have allowed substantiating the high importance of non-specific indices of the pathogenesis of HAVS (Central nervous system and thyroid systems), which opens up opportunities to attract them to the structure of the model, taking into account the dose of local vibration. It is proposed to consider the expansion
of the information base with the involvement in the model, along with indices of the specific link of the pathogenesis of HAVS and indices of its nonspecific link.

Introduction. Workers of modern aluminum plants experience long-term exposure to a complex of toxic chemical compounds, components of which are fluoride compounds. They have a chronic toxic effect on an organism. In this regard, it becomes relevant to conduct biomonitoring studies to assess the level and dynamics of excretion of fluorine in exposed workers of modern aluminum production.

Material and methods. A total of 186 workers in primary aluminum production, individuals at increased professional risk (42 people) and 77 patients with established occupational diseases were examined.

Results. The average fluoride – ion concentrations in the urine of aluminum production workers ranged from 1.2 ± 0.3 to 3.6 ± 0.9 mg/dm³ and were by 1.7–5.1 times higher than in the control group (0.7 ± 0.2 mg/dm³), the highest values were observed in workers of the main occupations of workshops with the technology of prebaked anodes. In workers of the high-risk group, examined in a hospital, content of fluoride ion in the urine increased by 1.1-1.4 times with the increase their experience of work in all experience groups (from 1.5 ± 0.2 to 2.1 ± 0.3 mg/dm³), with the exception of persons who have worked for 25 years or more (1.5 ± 0.1 mg/dm³). In workers with an established diagnosis of an occupational disease with an increase in the length of the post-exposure period there was observed a decrease in urinary fluoride ion excretion from 1.8 ± 0.1 mg/dm³ in the group with a time period up to 4 years and to 1.2±0.1 mg/dm³ in the group with 10 years or more.

Conclusion. The results of studies argue a high content of fluoride ion in the urine in workers at aluminum smelters and in patients with an established diagnosis of occupational disease, which depends on the technology used, the worker’s occupation, length of service and the length of the post-contact period. This allows recommending the biomonitoring of fluoride compounds to assess occupational risks and the effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic measures.

Introduction. In the modern production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), despite relatively low levels of air pollution of the working zone of the harmful substances, the problem of the negative effects of chemical factors on organism remains topical In this regard, the objective of the present study was the quantitative estimation of exposure of chemical loads (ECL) priority toxicants in PVC production and the identification of associated links with health indices.

Material and methods. In the work of the applied methods of hygienic studies using a methodology for assessing occupational risks of the method of calculation of exposure to the chemical load. To justify a connection with the profession of morbidity used method of correlation analysis.

Results. In PVC production average settlement values of ECL priority substances (vinyl chloride and 1.2 dichloroethane) for the 10-year period were was shown to gradually decrease and be statistically significantly higher: during the first five-year period in comparison with the second, at mechanics in comparison with bureaucrats, in the shop of production of PVC in comparison with the shop of production of VH (р <0.01; р <0.001). When studying the health state of workers, the high prevalence of occupational risks was also noted rather functional violations of a cardiovascular system (31.2±5.1), neurologic frustration (28.0±3.2), functional violations of a digestion system (26.3±3.4). At medical examination diseases of a cardiovascular system (43.4±5.9), the nervous system (29.5±4.9), the system of digestion had the greatest prevalence (19.7±4.0). Correlation relationships between separate indices of the violation of health and quantitative indices of ECL are revealed.

Conclusion. For example, in employees of a modern PVC production, the results demonstrate it to be possible to identify an association between health and ECL, reflecting the cumulative impact of chemical pollutants production media after years of work at the enterprise. There was confirmed the usefulness of calculations specified ECL for linking disease with an occupation, particularly in the context of the effects of low concentrations of chemicals.

Introduction. The defeat of motor and sensory conductive structures, which ultimately leads to the development of demyelination processes and, as a consequence, the formation of polyneuropathic syndrome is natural under the influence of industrial vibrations. Exposure to vibration, along with other harmful working conditions, can potentiate the development of metabolic syndrome, which can lead to the development of diabetes, which is one of the most common causes of damage to the peripheral nervous system. Based on the above, it seems relevant to give a comprehensive assessment of the state of peripheral nerves and afferent conductive structures in workers exposed in their professional activities combined effect of local and general vibration, and patients with vibration disease, burdened with diabetes.

Material and methods. 114 people were examined in clinical conditions. The observed cases included 50 with vibration disease (WB) associated with exposure to local and General vibration (group 1), the second group - 29 people with WB, burdened with type 2 diabetes. The control group (group 3) consisted of 35 conditionally healthy men, representative age (52.0±6.4 years) without contact with harmful factors of production.

Results. In patients of group 1, changes were observed in increasing the time of postsynaptic activation of the posterior horns of the spinal cord and activation of neurons of the somatosensory zone of the cerebral cortex. In patients of group 2, changes in the state of the central afferent pathways were more pronounced, shown in increasing the time of the excitation wave from the cervical thickening to the thalamic nuclei, as well as violations in the state of the conductive structures in the thalamic region. Analysis of the peripheral nerves in group 1 patients revealed changes in demyelinating lesions of the motor and sensory components of the tibial nerve and changes in the speed indices of the nerves of the upper extremities. The examined 2 groups had similar disorders, there was a statistically significant decrease in the speed of sensory axons of the lower extremities.

Conclusion. It was found that the combined effect of vibration and diabetes mellitus leads to aggravation of the demyelination processes of both sensory and motor axons of peripheral nerves in patients. There is a statistically significant decrease in the amplitude of the M-response on the lower extremities.

Introduction. It is known that the work experience under the influence of vibration correlates with the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).

Purpose: to study the state of microcirculation in vibration disease (VD) associated with the combined effects of local and general vibration complicated by DM or MS.

Material and methods. A prospective cross-examination of the 38 VD men with I and II degree in combination with MS (group I) or DM (group II) study was conducted. The research of microcirculation indices was carried out on the laser analyzer “LAKK-01” on the skin of the second finger. Normalized values of the amplitudes of microcirculation oscillations, respectively, associated with endothelial (Ae/SD), neurogenic (An/SD), and myogenic (Am/SD) regulation of microvessels were determined. A comparison of quantitative indices was carried out using the Mann-Whitney test, the investigation of the relationship between signs – using Spearman correlation.

Results. A statistically significant increase in An/SD was found in patients of group I. The decrease in Ae/SD in group II by 29.6% compared to the first group was at the level of p=0.05. The median Am/SD in both groups exceeded the upper reference level. Spastic type of microcirculation in VD+DM persons with was by 3 times more often, hyperemic – 1.68 times less often than in BD+MS, in 8% of cases there was a stagnant type microcirculation. 90% of all surveyed cases had venous stagnation. In patients with BD and MS, the type of microcirculation was in association with An/SD, an increase in Am/SD with a decrease Ae/SD. In persons with BD + DM Ae/SD is associated with the level of blood oxygen saturation and oxygen tissue consumption, the blood flow capillary reserve is associated with Am/SD.

Conclusion. Microcirculation in BD+MS patients is characterized by partial safety of mutual regulatory influences between endothelial and myogenic modulations, decreased vascular tone due to myogenic and neurogenic mechanisms, the development of the hyperemic type. In patients with VD+DM polymorphic disorder of all types of modulations, an absence of mutually regulating associations between them, development of hyperemic, spastic and stagnant types was registered.

Introduction. Experimental studies in animals have shown ultrastructural changes in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells, tissue hypoxia of the kidneys, changes in the activity of oxidative processes and antioxidant enzymes, the formation of bioenergetic hypoxia, cell response in the form of infiltration of both lymphoid and macrophage cells to develop due to exposure to vibration. However, there is almost no data about the status of animals’ organs in the post-contact period.

Material and methods. The study was carried out in white male rats weighing 220-240 g, were exposed to 40 Hz vibration for 60 days 5 times a week for 4 hours a day. Histological and morphometric analysis was used to assess the sensorimotor cortex tissue and hepatorenal system.

Results. A decrease in the total number of brain neurons, astraglial cells in rats in 30, 60 and 120 days of the post-exposure period was found. There was hyperemia in the portal and Central veins, an increase in the number of Kupffer cells in the liver tissue at the 30th, 60th, 120th day after the exposure. Decrease in the area of the Shumlyansky-Bowman capsule was recorded in the experimental rats’ kidney tissue 30 days after the end of vibration exposure; though there were no differences in the number of renal bodies in the tissue of white rats of the experimental and control groups at 60th and 120th day after the end of exposure to vibration.

Conclusion. Morphological changes in the tissues of white rats exposed to prolonged vibration presented in the form of a decrease in the total number of neurons and astroglia cells in the brain tissue, a pronounced macrophage response in the liver tissue have been preserved in the post-contact period following the exposure to vibration.

Introduction. Vibration disease (VD) is a chronic occupational disease caused by the long-term influence of industrial vibration on the body, with prolonged contact with which a polyneuropathic syndrome is formed.

Material and methods. 150 males were examined in the clinic. The first group consisted of 50 patients with VD associated with combined exposure to local and General vibration (48.7±3.1 years); the second – 50 patients with VB associated with exposure to local vibration (48.9±2.8 years); the third – 50 relatively healthy individuals without contact with vibration (49.1±2.5 years). Stimulation electroneuromyography (ENMG) was carried out according to the generally accepted method. The results of ENMG show demyelinating lesions of motor and sensory components to be registered in the examined VD patients, changes in the speed indices of axons of nerves of the upper and lower extremities are observed. Analysis of F-wave indices revealed the lesion of both the fastest and the slowest conductive fibers of the tibial and peroneal nerves in patients of both groups. There is an increase in the maximum amplitude of the F-wave and the F/M ratio, more pronounced in patients of the first examined group. In patients of the first and second examined groups, there is an increase in the blocks of the pulse, more pronounced with the combined effect of general and local vibration.

Conclusion. Changes in the state of the peripheral nerves of the upper extremities are similar in patients of the first and second groups and consist in the presence of processes of demyelination of motor and sensory axons. In patients of the first group, there are more pronounced disorders in the state of the motor component of the nerves of the upper and lower extremities, while in persons of the second group there are sub-threshold changes in the lower extremities. Changes at the level of roots and in the functional state of the spinal cord neurons are more pronounced in patients of the second group.

Introduction. Aim - improvement of methodological approaches to the assessment of potential damages to schoolchildren’s health.

Materials and methods. There were surveyed 523 schoolchildren of educational institutions of the Tula region. Children are divided into three groups with pronounced, moderate and optimal intensity factors of the school environment. For assessing the damage to health, morbidity indices of negotiability, data of preventive medical examinations, characteristics of physical development were used.

Results. Objects with an average and significant level of the potential risk of harm to health prevail among the children’s organizations in the country. The class of danger, the severity of the consequences for the health of the population exposed are the basis of the existing risk-oriented model of state control. An innovative approach to the hygienic assessment of sanitary and epidemiological well-being, taking into account the influence of a complex of factors of the intraschool environment, critical age periods of maturation of the child’s body, risks to children’s health, is proposed. In the examined children, violations of posture and vision, diseases of the nervous system, alimentary-dependent diseases, etc. were established to prevail. The greatest potential risk to health is caused by the influence of factors of the educational environment and the educational process, lifestyle.

Conclusion. The use of the proposed methodological approach will allow solving complex tasks in the environment-health system: to identify the leading health problems and potential risk factors; the formation of risk-oriented programs for the health of children and adolescents.

Introduction. Aim: Comprehensive assessment of the health losses of children and adolescents of the Irkutsk region.

Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of primary morbidity and disability in the territories of the Irkutsk region was carried out according to official statistical reports for 5 years. To identify similar indices of primary morbidity and disability by disease classes in the context of the territories of the Irkutsk region, cluster analysis methods (hierarchical, k-means) were used.

Results. Prosperous territories were established to include clusters formed by rural settlements. The cluster with a high level of primary morbidity and primary disability of children and adolescents was revealed to be formed by industrial centers. The structure of classes of diseases is dominated by diseases of the respiratory system, injuries, eyes, and its appendage apparatus. In the structure of primary disability, the leading places are occupied by classes of mental disorders, congenital developmental malformations, diseases of the nervous, endocrine system. Changes in the prevalence of primary morbidity and disability in children and adolescents are assessed as moderate in the territories: Usolye-Sibirskoye, Svirsk Tulun and 6 rural areas (Nizhneudinsky, Shelekhovsky, Kazachinsko-Lensky, Bayandaevsky, Mamsky-Chuysky).

Conclusions. Using the methods of multivariate cluster analysis revealed the territory of the Irkutsk region, unfavorable in terms of indices and trends of primary morbidity and primary disability. The conducted studies have identified priority areas for treatment and prevention activities aimed at reducing the comprehensive loss of health of children and adolescents.

Introduction. The policy in the field of public health care should take into account the peculiarities of regional development, due to the influence of socio-environmental factors and processes. Mortality indices are the most important medico-demographic index of the state of the regional socio-ecological system.

The aim of the study is to characterize the mortality trends of various age groups of the population of the Irkutsk region in the context of social and environmental transformations of the post-Soviet period.

Material and methods. A retrospective longitudinal study of the mortality characteristics of the population of the Irkutsk region, the Siberian Federal District (SFD) and the Russian Federation (RF) in the dynamics from the late 1980s to 2017 was carried out. Statistical materials were obtained from the databases of the Federal State Statistics Service, the Center for Demographic Studies of the New Economic School and Demographic Yearbooks of Russia. The analysis of trends in mortality rates and their socio-ecological interpretation is carried out.

Results. Dynamics of the total mortality rate in the period 1989-2017 consisted of two stages (1991–1998 and 1999–2017). Each of these stages was characterized by a marked increase in the mortality rate and its subsequent decrease. The values of this index in the Irkutsk region during the entire observation period were higher than the values of the same indicator for the SFD by 6.5-10.0% and higher than the figure for the Russian Federation by 12.9-21.5%. The dynamic changes in the mortality rates of the working-age population are similar to the corresponding characteristics of total mortality. The trends in child and infant mortality rates were characterized by a consistent decrease. The dynamics of the mortality rate of the adolescent-youth contingent (15-19 years) was similar to the dynamics of the total mortality rate.

Conclusion. The phenomena of a systemic transformational crisis led to the adverse dynamics of mortality characteristics from 1992 to 2006. A major positive shift in improving mortality rates occurred in 2007–2017. It was due to positive changes in the socio-economic sphere. Only the mortality levels of the working-age population did the lag behind the figures for 1989-1990 continue. The Irkutsk region should be characterized as a region of relative socio-ecological disadvantage in the mortality rates of all age groups of the population.

Introduction. In the Irkutsk region, chronic mercury intoxication (CRI) occupies a leading place among occupational neurointoxications. An organic personality disorder with insomnia is one of the manifestations of brain damage in CRI.

The aim of the study was to establish diagnostic criteria for secondary insomnia in patients with professional CRI for the selection of effective treatment.

Material and methods. The study involved 30 people in the long-term CRI and 30 people in the comparison group with sleep disorders that are not in contact with harmful factors. Electroencephalographic, polysomnographic research and questioning were carried out with the assessment of the subjective characteristics of sleep. Information was processed using the Statistika 6.0 application package.

Results. It was shown that CRI patients were shown to complain statistically significantly more frequent sleep disturbances than in the comparison group (p = 0.0003), difficulty in maintaining sleep (p = 0.004). As a result of EEG in the group of patients in the long-term CRI, the integral index and the ratio α/β were statistically significantly different from those in the comparison group, and according to the results of polysomnography, more pronounced qualitative and quantitative violations of the night sleep pattern were found in CRI patients; as a decrease in total sleep time (p = 0.0001), increase in sleep time (p = 0.008), number of activations and total wakefulness inside sleep (p = 0.03), decrease in sleep efficiency index (p = 0.006) and increase in an integrative sleep quality index (p = 0.03). According to the discriminant analysis, 4 criteria for diagnosing insomnia in CRI were established: total sleep time (min.), duration of the first stage of slow sleep (%), rhythm ratio α/β, EEG (%) and integral EEG index (%).

Conclusion. Considering the data obtained, it is possible to improve approaches to treating insomnia in CRI by prescribing a complex of treatment, including cognitive-behavioral therapy, antidepressants with a sedative effect, as well as alpha training using biofeedback.

Introduction. In recent years, magnetic nanoparticles, which can simultaneously have a therapeutic effect on the pathological focus, are used to magnify contrast enhancement and increase diagnostic sensitivity during magnetic resonance therapy (MRT). The last is carried out by the effective capture of neutrons, which among all the chemical elements is most pronounced in gadolinium. The use of gadolinium nanoparticles encapsulated in a polymeric matrix allows increasing the bioavailability of nanoparticles, reduces the possible toxicity of drugs.

Aim. Evaluation of impact of new nanocomposite magnetically active metal complex gadolinium system on the morphofunctional state of the nervous tissue, liver, and kidney of rats.

Material and methods. Experimental studies of biological effects of gadolinium-arabinogalactan nanocomposite (Gd-AG) were carried out on rats that were injected intraperitoneally for 10 days at the dose of 500 μg/kg in 0.5 ml of saline. Animals were sacrificed by decapitation under light ether anesthesia the next day after the end of exposure. To perform pathological studies, frontal sections of the temporal-parietal zone of the sensorimotor cortex, liver and kidney tissues were stained on ordinary histological glass slides with hematoxylin and eosin for viewing microscopic picture. The immunohistochemical method was used to determine the activity of the bcl-2, caspase-3 and hsp70 modulatory protein in apoptosis of white rats in brain neurons and to study the biological response of the organism at the subcellular level.

Results. Histological analysis of tissues revealed a pronounced compensatory response of liver, a violation of the functional activity of kidneys. A decrease in the total number of normal neurons per unit area in brain tissue and an increase in the number of acts of neuronophagy indicate the initial stage of neurodegenerative process. Evaluation of the intracellular metabolism of neurons has not established the presence of signs characteristic of apoptotic process.

Conclusion. The subacute effect of Gd-AG in a dose of 500 µg/kg causes a disturbance of morphofunctional state of liver, kidneys and nervous tissue, as well as modulation of cellular proteomics.

5 октября на 87-м году жизни скончался академик Российской академии наук, Заслуженный деятель науки Российской Федерации, почётный заведующий кафедрой гигиены детей и подростков Российской медицинской академии непрерывного последипломного образования Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, почётный профессор ФГАУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации Александр Григорьевич Сухарев.