Effect of ethanol on the growth of the red microalga Galdieria sulphuraria

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Abstract

Polyextremophilic red microalgae of the genus Galdieria, which inhabit hot sulphur springs under conditions unusual for eukaryotes, are capable of heterotrophy. Among the dozens of exogenous organic substrates identified for Galdieria, ethanol is not mentioned as a possible energy source. As it turned out that ethanol did not alter the growth of the model species Galdieria sulphuraria when grown in the dark. In contrast, the growth of microalgae is activated in the light, despite the known cell stressor effect of ethanol. The effect of ethanol as an oxidative stress factor may be indicated by the increase in cellular respiration observed in the dark and also in the light even before the activation of photosynthesis. The marked acceleration of growth of G. sulphuraria culture in the light is most likely due to the stimulation of respiration by ethanol with generation of CO2 and its use by chloroplasts as an additional carbon substrate during the photosynthetic process. Compared to the classical organic substrate glucose, the light-induced growth of G. sulphuraria cultures in the presence of ethanol is less intense. It can be speculated that ethanol stress in light induces the system of two consecutive key enzymes in the primary alcohol metabolism chain (alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase), which then leads to the eventual complete oxidation of ethanol, resulting in accelerated growth of G. sulphuraria.

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About the authors

Yu. V. Bolychevtseva

Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: bolychev1@yandex.ru

Bach Institute of Biochemistry

Russian Federation, Moscow, 119071

I. N. Stadnichuk

Timiryasev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: bolychev1@yandex.ru
Russian Federation, Moscow, 127726

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2. Fig. 1. Growth of G. sulphuraria culture in the dark without ethanol (a) and with the addition of 0.1% ethanol (b). The mean values ​​± standard error of the mean (n = 3) are given. Coincidence of letter designations above the columns indicates the absence of statistically significant changes in the measurement series. Confidence interval P ≤ 0.05.

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3. Fig. 2. Changes in the rate of oxygen uptake during dark respiration of G. sulphuraria cells kept in the dark without (A) and with (B) the addition of 0.1% ethanol. * Statistically significant differences are indicated (see Methods).

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4. Fig. 3. Dynamics of G. sulphuraria culture growth in the light for 11 days without additives (A, photoautotrophic culture), in the presence of 0.1% ethanol (B) and in the presence of 0.1% glucose (C). Average values ​​and confidence intervals are given (n = 3). Coincidence of letter designations in each series means the absence of statistically significant differences; * Statistically significant differences are indicated.

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5. Fig. 4. Absorption spectra of G. sulphuraria cell culture on the 11th day of growth in the light (a), and the same spectra after subtracting the contribution from light scattering and normalizing to the maximum absorption of chlorophyll (b): 1 – photoautotrophic culture; 2 – photoheterotrophic culture containing 0.1% ethanol; 3 – photoheterotrophic culture containing 0.1% glucose (the ordinates of spectrum 3 at 750 nm are halved).

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6. Fig. 5. Oxygen consumption during dark respiration (a) and oxygen release during photosynthesis adjusted for O2 consumption during respiration (b) in G. sulphuraria cell culture during photoautotrophic growth (A), photoheterotrophic growth in the presence of 0.1% ethanol (B) or 0.1% glucose (C). *Statistically significant differences are noted.

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7. Fig. 6. Dynamics of consumption (%) of ethanol and glucose in the medium by G. sulphuraria cells: 1 – control, medium with 0.1% ethanol without cells; 2 – medium with 0.1% ethanol after growing G. sulphuraria in the dark; 3 – medium with 0.1% ethanol after growing G. sulphuraria in the light; 4 – medium with 0.1% glucose during light cell cultivation. Mean values ​​± standard deviation are given (n = 3).

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8. Fig. 7. Diagram reflecting the balance between respiration and photosynthesis (see text).

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