Pingo-like features in the pechora sea: conditions, origin and stages of development

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Using the results of multibeam echo sounding and seismic profiling performed during 2018—2019 on the R/V “Akademik Nikolay Strakhov” and all previously published data, a conceptual scheme of the pingo-like feature formation on the shelf of the Pechora Sea (south-eastern part of the Barents Sea between the islands of Kolguev and Vaygach) was developed. During interpreting the genesis of the bottom topography at a key-site with an area of about 12 km2, both new geophysical data obtained by the authors and previously published drilling materials were used. It has been established that formation of pingo-like features starts in the presence of submarine permafrost and subzero temperature of bottom waters under the influence of the fluid flow (degassing). Pingo-like feature development begins due to the formation of zones of abnormally high reservoir pressure below submarine permafrost as a result of vertical migration of fluids. The grouth of a pingo-like feature begins from the formation of a roll-like rise of the bottom due to the extrusion of frozen clayey strata to the near-surface part of the section. Subsequently, as a result of disruption of the continuity and partial thawing of permafrost, the growth of a pingo-like feature, which is essentially a mud volcanic structure, begins on the arch of the uplift. Fluid flow within a vertical channel up to the summit crater may be accompanied by freezing of the clayey strata as a result of the throttling effect. Mud flowing from the summit crater can freeze on the slopes of a pingo-like feature as a result of cooling of the fresh water contained in them under conditions of subzero bottom temperatures. A growth of the mud volcanic structure leads to a decrease in pressure near the base of submarine permafrost, that gradually thaws under the influence of fluid flow. This process leads to the gradual subsidence of roll-like rise and the appearance of compensation depressions. Based on the results of repeated monitoring of gas manifestations in water, it was established that more than half of the pingo-like features are currently active channels for the migration of fluids from the subsurface to the bottom surface and into the water column.

作者简介

E. Eremenko

Geological Institute of RAS; Lomonosov Moscow State University

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: eremenkoeaig@gmail.com

Faculty of Geography

俄罗斯联邦, Moscow; Moscow

A. Kokhan

Geological Institute of RAS

Email: eremenkoeaig@gmail.com
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

E. Moroz

Geological Institute of RAS

Email: eremenkoeaig@gmail.com
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

A. Denisova

Geological Institute of RAS; Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: eremenkoeaig@gmail.com

Faculty of Geography

俄罗斯联邦, Moscow; Moscow

S. Sokolov

Geological Institute of RAS

Email: eremenkoeaig@gmail.com
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

A. Mutovkin

Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of RAS

Email: eremenkoeaig@gmail.com
俄罗斯联邦, Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Location of key-site. Bathymetry according to GEBCO_2014 data (Weatherall et al., 2015). 1 — location of the key-site

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3. Fig. 2. Bathymetry of the key-site: (a) — digital elevation model and position of section A–Б, presented in fig. 3, white dotted line marks the insets shown in fig. 4; (б) — geomorphological map of the bottom and the results of repeated surveys of gas manifestations in the water column. 1 — flat surface of the alluvial-marine plain; 2 — roll-like rises of the bottom; 3 — depressions; 4 — moats (on the crests of the rises); 5 — vertical acoustic anomalies (gas manifestations) in the water column above the PLF (the size of the circle reflects the size of the PLF): a — not identified, because the PLF was not intersected by the survey traverse, б — absent, в — identified in 2018, г — identified in 2019, д — identified in 2018 and 2019; 6 — compensation depressions around the PLF; 7 — gas manifestations in the water column outside the PLF (a – identified in 2018, б — identified in 2019, в — identified in 2018 and 2019); 8 — areas of the highest density of acoustic anomalies associated with the rise of fluid in the water column; 9 — boreholes described in (Bondarev et al., 2002).

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4. Fig. 3. Seismostratigraphy of bottom sediments in the area of PLF distribution along the section A–Б (the position of the section is shown in fig. 2): (а) — section obtained by high-frequency acoustic profiling; (б) — section obtained using a sparker (roman numerals indicate the SSCs mentioned in the text; the letter “a” shows local high-amplitude areas in the SSCIV sequence); (в) — results of interpretation of seismoacoustic data; (г) — section obtained by high-frequency seismic profiling using software amplification to display gas manifestations in the water column.

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5. Fig. 4. Morphology and internal structure of rises (а), depressions (б) and pingo-like features (в, г) (the location of the areas is shown in fig. 2, (а)). For each site, a fragment of the DEM and the corresponding section obtained by high-frequency seismic profiling are shown. The numbers on the sections (1, 2, 3) indicate landforms (depressions, rises, PLF) mentioned in the text.

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6. Fig. 5. Stages of PLF development: (a) — beginning of the formation of the zone of abnormally high reservoir pressure, (б) — the stage of the origin of the roll-like rise of the bottom, (в) — the stage of the developed roll-like rise of the bottom, (г) — the stage of “young” PLF, (д) — the stage of “mature” PLF and the sinking of the rise. 1 — mud volcanic sediments (H); 2 — marine sediments (H-IIIsr); 3 — marine and alluvial sediments (IIIsr); 4 — marine sediments (IIIkr+kz); 5 — directions of migration of fluids containing gas and fresh water; 6 — tor of permafrost; 7 — base of permafrost; 8 — areas of discontinuity of permafrost and gas saturation; 9 — cracks in permafrost; 10 — sandy sediments; 11 — schlierens of fresh segregated ice; 12 — submarine syngenetic permafrost; 13 — rise of fluids and suspended matter in the water column; 14 — zone of abnormally high reservoir pressure.

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