卷 60, 编号 2 (2024)

It highlights the main directions of vegetation studies in the USSR and Russia, the USA, Canada, Sweden, Norway and Finland in 20th century. The article also discusses modern approaches in this field, outlines the main trends of research, and provides an overview of recent publications on the most promising directions.

The effect of storage temperatures and duration on long-term storage of the seeds of three Hypericum species (Hypericaceae): H. perforatum L., H. maculatum Crantz., H. hirsutum L. was studied. The seed quality was assessed by laboratory germination and germination dynamics tests before storage, after one-month cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen, and then every 3 years over 18 years of storage at 5, —20 and –196 °C (in liquid nitrogen). The development of seedlings from the seeds that have been cryopreserved or cold-stored for 9 years and longer was evaluated. In all studied species, seed quality was not affected by the short-term cryopreservation. When stored at 5 °C, the seeds of H. perforatum retained their quality for 6 years, and of H. maculatum — for 15 years. The seeds of H. perforatum and H. maculatum stored at –20 °C retained their quality up to 6 years, and at –196 °C — along the entire 18 years of monitoring. The quality of H. hirsutum seeds that were placed for long-term storage after 18 months of room storage, deteriorated significantly after 6 years of storage at 5 and –20 °C. When additional lot of H. hirsutum fresh seeds (after 5 months of room storage) were placed for long-term storage, they retained quality at 5 °C for 9 years, and at –20 °C — for 12 years (the entire period of monitoring). In liquid nitrogen, the seeds of both H. hirsutum sample lots retained their quality for a long time. After 18 years of storage, in all three species, the best sowing qualities were observed in seeds stored at –196 °C, and the lowest — at –20 °C. In seeds stored under all above-mentioned temperatures, the germination ability changed insignificantly, and the germination rate decreased under storage at –20 and 5 °C. Under long-term storage at –20 °C, the seeds retained the ability for root emergence, but the size of the seedlings decreased; in H. hirsutum the number of normally developing seedlings also decreased, which means the faster ageing of epicotyl meristem than the radicle meristem. An increase in the duration of the preliminary room storage led to an accelerated ageing of seeds stored both at 5 and at –20 °C. Storage at –196 °C significantly decreased seed ageing, regardless of the duration of the preliminary room storage. Seeds stored in liquid nitrogen are more sensitive to the swelling and germination conditions than those stored at 5 and –20 °C. The desiccation and ageing resistance of H. hirsutum seeds is lower than that of H. perforatum and H. maculatum. It is suggested to use seed recovery after short-term cryopreservation under suboptimal conditions as a test for seed resistance to desiccation and suitability for long-term storage. Recommendations for the studied species’ seed quality monitoring during their long-term storage are given.

The article presents a comparative analysis of phenolic compounds in the underground parts (rhizomes with adventitious roots) of Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae) plants from natural coenopopulations of the Altai Mountains and cultivated in the Siberian Botanical Garden of TSU (Tomsk). Gallic acid, salidroside and rosavin were identified in the studied samples. The content of salidroside in samples of wild R. rosea varies from 0.02 to 0.48%, and rosavin — 0.77—1.57% of absolute dry weight. The content of gallic acid in all samples is approximately the same — 0.1%. The analysis has shown a higher salidroside content in the underground organs of cultivated R. rosea plants compared to plants from natural populations with a similar rosavin content. It has been established that the elemental composition of the underground parts of R. rosea plants growing in the Altai Mountains is very rich and diverse. In addition to such macro- and microelements as Mg, K, Fe, Mn, Rb, Cr, Sr, Zn, Ba, Mo, Co, rarely detected Ti, Ga, Nb, La, Ho, Gd, and others were found. Based on the content of chemical elements in underground plant organs and soil, the studied samples of R. rosea of different origin were divided into 3 groups. The first group is characterized by a low element content in plants and a high content in soil. The second group is distinguished by a high content of elements in the underground plant parts and low content in soil. The third group is characterized by a high element content both in the underground plant parts and in soil.

Recently, there has been an expansion in the pharmaceutical market due to the wider use of medicinal plant raw materials, despite innovative achievements in the development of novel pharmaceuticals. Interest in herbal medicines is based on wide range of pharmacological activity and the complex organoprotective effects of phytopreparations, as well as their low toxicity with sufficiently high efficiency and the possibility of long-term use. Currently, phytotherapy significantly expands the scope of its application, developing strategically new approaches to the treatment of diseases of various origins, thereby determining the need to study medicinal plant raw materials from the standpoint of phytochemical analysis, safety and effectiveness. The purposeful study of plants is one of the main approaches in the search for promising types of plant raw materials. The purpose of the work is to study the component composition of the fruits of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. from the Astrakhan region. According to the results obtained during the phytochemical analysis of the fruits of E. angustifolia, a high content of biologically active substances (flavonoids, organic acids, tannins, ascorbic acid) was determined, which allows to consider the prospects of using E. angustifolia fruits as a source for the development of novel medicines.