Prevention of human papillomavirus-associated cervical disease in the 21st century

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Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary pathogen involved in the development of cervical cancer. HPV infection is widespread worldwide. Comprehensive prevention of high-risk oncogenic HPV infection is the main strategy for reducing the incidence of cervical cancer. Raising awareness of the issue, expanding vaccination coverage, developing modern vaccines and diagnostic methods, and increasing public education all contribute to a more rapid achievement of this goal.

This review presents the latest data on current HPV prevention and diagnostic methods, as well as future prospects for addressing this issue in the near term. It highlights recent findings from both Russian and international studies. The review analyzes current approaches to the issue and provides statistics on the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of cervical cancer in the Russian Federation and other countries. A consistent downward trend in the incidence of cervical cancer has been observed in the countries that have implemented screening and HPV vaccination programs. The main risk factors are identified, including those related to the virus itself and to individual lifestyle. Key mechanisms of HPV-driven oncogenesis are presented, along with preventive screening programs aimed at detecting dysplastic changes and preventing the development of invasive cancer. The currently approved vaccines worldwide are discussed in terms of efficacy and safety, as well as ongoing research on new vaccine development.

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About the authors

Sabina M. Ansarova

Kirov Military Medical Academy

Email: Sansarova@bk.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0004-5899-8464
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Julia V. Basalova

North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov

Email: uliabasalova@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0006-6372-063X
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Aida Elshan kyzy Heydarova

Kirov Military Medical Academy

Email: Gdrvd16@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0009-1991-149X
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Alina A. Grineva

North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov

Author for correspondence.
Email: Grinva.lina@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0007-4338-9174
SPIN-code: 9222-1003
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Elena P. Obukhova

Kirov Military Medical Academy

Email: Yelena.obukhova.2001@list.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0002-4962-1505
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Marina S. Romanenko

North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov

Email: Marina.romanenko.2001@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0009-2213-3887
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg

Kirill P. Raevskii

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: Raevskiikp@my.msu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9939-3443
SPIN-code: 9133-3802
Russian Federation, Moscow

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. Cervical cancer incidence and mortality per 100,000 women in European countries in 2020.

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3. Fig. 2. Screening coverage of women aged 30–49 years as part of cervical cancer prevention in different countries for the period from 2015 to 2019.

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4. Fig. 3. Risk factors contributing to the persistence of papillomavirus infection and the development of cervical cancer.

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5. Fig. 1. Incidence and mortality of cervical cancer per 100,000 women in European countries in 2020.

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6. Fig. 2. Screening coverage among women aged 30–49 years within cervical cancer prevention programs in various countries between 2015 and 2019.

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7. Fig. 3. Risk factors contributing to the persistence of papillomavirus infection and the development of cervical cancer.

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