卷 98, 编号 7 (2019)

The aim of the study. An analysis of the problems of the development of the dose-effect relationship (DER) in the assessment of the risk under exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) and harmful chemicals (HC) on human health and proposals for improving them.

Material and methods. Problems of the development and application of the methodology for assessing the risk of exposure to IR and HC are in the area of delivering DER based on the results of biological experiments and epidemiological studies (ES). These problems are associated with such properties of the effects of exposure to IR and HCh as nonspecificity and latency, low statistical power, fragmentation of the actual information available on the studied effects, possible dependence on the level of the associated spontaneous morbidity or mortality rate. A number of DER models have been developed by national and international organizations. However, between these models, there are significant differences in the choice both of model parameters and the ratio between the multiplicative and additive dependencies on spontaneous effects. The relevance of improving DER models suitable for reliable predictive risk assessments of exposure to IR and HC remains.

Results. In modern DER models, the ratio between the multiplicative and additive dependencies on spontaneous effects was chosen by an expert way on the basis of the available results of biological experiments and ESs without sufficient rigorous justification. This was reflected in the different choice of this ratio by different developers. For a more reasonable choice of the ratio, it is proposed to consider two possibilities: 1) implementing additional targeted biological research on the molecular-cellular and organismic levels; 2) a joint analysis of the results of two independent ESs on different cohorts affected by exposure to IR or HC. For IR there is a real opportunity to solve the problem according to the second option. A specific possible method of action in the second direction and an algorithm for its implementation are proposed.

Conclusion. Current models of DER for IR and HC require further development, in particular, in terms of the relationship between multiplicative and additive dependencies in DER. A method of justifying the choice of this ratio is proposed and an algorithm for its implementation for IR is described.

Introduction. Inadequate water is the second risk factor for the development of diseases after poverty. Therefore, one of the most important tasks in the sphere of creating the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population of the Russian Federation is to provide it with benign drinking water, safe in epidemiological terms and harmless in chemical composition.

The purpose of this work. Conducting a hygienic assessment of the quality of drinking water for the content of this trace element at the regional level is very relevant as fluorine is important for human health, and the main way of its entry into the body is water.

Material and methods. The paper presents data of own research for 2018. During this period, there were studied about 150 water samples of centralized water supply in the Vladimir region, most of which were selected in the largest settlements. The content of fluoride ions in water was determined by the method of capillary electrophoresis (HDPE F 14.1: 2: 4.157-99). As a result of the study, the Vladimir region was found to be characterized by a significant differentiation (from 0.05 mg/l to 2.75 mg/l) in the content of fluoride ions in the centralized supply water. A map was constructed for ranking the regions of the region for the content of fluoride ions in the centralized supply water.

Discussions. In eight districts of the region, the fluorine content in water is much lower than the optimal values; in five regions, an exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations was detected; and only in three regions the average values are close to optimal. The different content of fluorine in water in the districts of the region is due to the natural factor of the given geographic zone.

Conclusion. Providing the population of the region with benign drinking water requires a set of various measures with the development and implementation of programs to improve the water supply of populated areas. At the forefront is the individual prevention of tooth decay and fluorosis, in which an important role is played by health education, advertising of preventive drugs that have been praised by specialists.

Introduction. Among the various methods of diagnosis and prediction of peripheral nerve injuries of the upper extremities, stimulation electroneuromyography plays a significant role. Occupational polyneuropathy of the upper extremities in coal miners is a common pathology. This pathology can lead to a disability of the active population, which makes the problem to be socially significant. Stimulation electroneuromyography is a method of choice in the diagnosis and prediction of peripheral nervous system diseases.

Material and methods. 40 miners aged from 42 to 65 years, employed in hazardous working conditions (vibration, physical overload, gas pollution, adverse climatic conditions) were surveyed. As a control group, 12 healthy subjects of the same age without the signs of peripheral nervous system disease were examined. A clinical and electrophysiological study was conducted, including a clinical investigation, a quantitative assessment of subjective complaints on the Total Symptom Score (TSS) scale and stimulation electroneuromyography.

Results. Occupational polyneuropathy developed in all surveyed workers employed in adverse working conditions; it was characterized mainly by myelinopathies of motor and sensory nerve fibers. In the clinical picture there were dominated sensitive (95%) and painful (45%) manifestations, moderately pronounced, the average score on the TSS scale was of 2.63 and 2.44, respectively; a correlation relationship between neurophysiological indices and subjective complaints (r-Pearson criteria value accounted of from 0.75 to 0.97) was revealed. Prenosological manifestations of electroneuromyography changes were detected in 5% of the examined subjects.

Conclusion. The study of the functional state of peripheral nerves by using the method of stimulation electroneuromyography is an effective tool for the early diagnosis of occupational polyneuropathy.

Introduction. The review presents data on the structure and functions of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor – HIF. In today’s world, a person is constantly exposed to harmful damaging factors, the response of the body to which, depending on the state of adaptive systems leads either to the development of diseases or increase resistance. Important importance in the adaptation of the body to damaging effects belongs to the transcription factor, denoted as a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). There were identified more than 100 genes activated by HIF and therefore mediated by this transcription factor affecting the regulation of iron homeostasis, energy metabolism, the balance of Pro - and antioxidants in the cells, the activation of inhibitors of apoptosis and the formation of new blood vessels.

The structure of HIF and its isoforms. The data on isoforms of HIF-α and organ-specific features of the distribution of HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and HIF-3α. Increased expression of α-subunits of transcription factor occurs in response to hypoxic effects, both acute and adaptive, psycho-emotional stress, under the action of toxic production-related factors. The increase in the level of HIF-α isoforms provides an expression of genes involved in the implementation of compensatory-adaptive responses to various harmful effects.

Genetic polymorphism of the HIF. The data on the HIF-1α gene polymorphism and its association with various diseases are presented. It is shown that the most studied polymorphisms are rs11549465 C > T and rs11549467 T > C identified in the domain of oxygen-dependent degradation of the DNA sequence of the HIF-1α gene. Carriers of the C/T genotype have increased expression of HIF-1α transcription factor for rs11549465 C > T and rs11549467 T > C polymorphisms, Association with the risk of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction is shown. The study of HIF-1α gene polymorphism can be promising for the diagnosis and prognosis of occupationally caused diseases, as well as the development of effective ways of their correction and prevention.

Introduction. One of the effective ways to ensure the chemical safety of workers is the hygienic rating of chemicals in the air of the working area.

Materials and methods. In order to ration, the toxicity indices of 4-chlorobenzoic acid (CBA) were studied. Experimental hygienic studies were conducted on outbred white rats and mice, rabbits and guinea pigs. The functional state of the organs of white rats was assessed on the base of a number of biochemical, physiological, hematological, and morphological indices. The indices of acute inhalation CBA toxicity were determined during the experiment in the seed chambers, the concentration of the substance was adjusted using the spectrophotometric method. Statistical processing of the data obtained was made by using the program “Statistics 10.0”.

Results. The average lethal dose of 4-chlorobenzoic acid when administered orally for mice of both sexes and female rats acconted for of 1.450, 1.100, and 4.300 mg/kg respectively. Mice were more sensitive to CBA, the coefficient of species differences is of 3.9. 4-Chlorobenzoic acid does not have a local irritant effect on the skin and does not have a skin-resorptive effect. Irritant effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes is poor. The ability to material accumulation in the body of CBA is moderate: the cumulation coefficient amounts to 4.7. The ability of a substance to cause allergic responses in the study was not detected. In the subacute experiment, it has a toxic effect mainly on the hepatorenal system. The threshold of acute inhalation action accounts for 50 mg/m³.

Conclusion. 4-Chlorobenzoic acid in terms of average lethal doses belongs to the group of moderately hazardous substances (III class of danger). A tentative safe level of exposure to CBA in the air of the working area is recommended at 1 mg/m3. Compliance with this standard will minimize the risk to the health of workers.

Introduction. The paper considers the authors’ view on occupational deformation often manifested in the form of emotional burnout syndrome, and on the methods of correcting these states.

Material and methods. The sample (2002–2010) was 968 people. These people were clients of the Psychological Center assistance at the Institute of Business Education of Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region, each of them had complaints indicating for the presence of a subdepressive state. All participants in the study were divided. into 2 groups. 465 people were assigned to the main group; 503 people presented a control group.

Results and its discussion. The paper contains a model for providing comprehensive support and assistance to individuals suffered from emotional burnout syndrome with preneurotic subdepressive states. This model is presented in several stages. First of all, the psychologist must solve the problem related to the removal of the stressor, the existing stress, as well as leveling psychological balance. At the next stage, work is carried out on the formation of a person who is provided with psychological assistance of the sound responses to difficulties emerging under occupational activity, as well as his ability to deal with stress.

Conclusion. Preventing emotional burnout can be the exchange of professional information with other services and departments, the improvement of interpersonal communication, the expansion of a person’s worldview, which makes a person’s world multifaceted. Self-education, further vocational training, participation in conferences, career growth, etc. can help. All this will save you from excessive expectations and destructive competition and, as a result, from frustration, which in turn will lead to more severe consequences.

The spread of information technologies leads to negative consequences associated with the impact on the health of the individual and public health. There are new behavioral addictions, namely information and technological ones. The objective reasons for their occurrence are in the changes taking place in society. They are associated with the informatization and globalization of the post-industrial society. The criteria for excessive use of the Internet are changing. Virtual space appears as a significant part of life reality. Ubiquitous is the regular use of the Internet. Imposed by information technologies lifestyle and worldview can be destructive for the individual. The task of hygienic science is to prevent the psychological distress of a person in new conditions. The purpose of the article is to consider the views of a person’s Internet addiction, the risks, as well as the possibility of psychological distress resulting from the impact of information technologies. Comparative analysis of the views of various authors and their theoretical generalization. A current understanding of the phenomenon of information and technological dependencies is presented. Two conceptual approaches to the consideration of the phenomenon are identified: as a mental pathology and as a person’s state in the continuum of his normal behavior in new life realities. Statistical data characterizing the penetration of social networks into Russian society and quantitative characteristics of the use of the Internet are given. Computer technologies can be a “mental retreat” for humans. However, social networks provide users with isolation in their own socio-cultural shells. The boundaries of the norms and pathologies of Internet use have changed. Indices of overgrowing of enthusiasm for the Internet in addiction are a change in the motives and goals of its use. A risk factor for the psychological well-being of a person is an exposure to manipulative informational influences on the Internet. Social networks are the space and means of such exposure.

Conclusion. The difference between healthy and unhealthy use of the Network is given. The danger for the majority of Internet users was shown not to be an addiction, but exposure to information and psychological effects. It is revealed that in social networks there is a possibility of targeted impacts.

Introduction. Foods are one of the main ways of entering chemical contaminants in the human body. Such compounds include polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in particular, benzo(a)pyrene (BP), which according to the classification of the International Agency for Research on Cancer belongs to the 1 group of carcinogenic substances for humans.

Material and methods. the levels of contamination of BP and the sum of 4PAНs (BP, benzo(a)anthracene (BaA), benz(b)fluoranthene (BbF), chrysene (CHR)) were studied for products of cocoa processing, smoked meat and fish products, fat-and-oil products and smoked cheeses. The determination of these compounds was carried out using the high-performance liquid chromatography method with a fluorimetric detector. A total of 147 samples of food products were examined. Simulation of the quantitative characteristics of samples that are «qualified» as «below limit of detection» or «not detected» is performed in accordance with the recommendations of FAO/WHO and EFSA.

Results. The average levels of BP contamination and the 4PAHs median were from 0.0065 μg/kg and 0.26 μg/kg in cocoa products to 0.20 μg/kg and 3.72 μg/kg in fat-and-oil products, respectively. High, approaching the maximum, contamination levels of BP reached 1.29 μg/kg in fat-and-oil products, and the sum of 4PAHs was 7.87 μg/kg in smoked fish products. The highest levels of contamination of BP were observed in cocoa butter (2.11 μg/kg), in mayonnaise (1.45 μg/kg), in margarine (1.29 μg/kg), and the sum of 4PAHs – in pork chips of smoked sausages (10.11 μg/kg), in cocoa butter (9.27 μg/kg), in poultry snacks (7.77 μg/kg). Hygienic evaluation of the results didn’t reveal an excess of the maximum allowable levels of BP and the amount of 4PAH in all samples of food products studied.

Conclusions. Due to the high hygienic importance of the compounds under discussion with carcinogenic properties, it is necessary to assess the health risk associated with the presence of these compounds in food products, taking into account the PAH mixture, depending on their individual contribution to the overall level of nutritional load and varying degrees of carcinogenic activity. It is necessary to develop and implement measures to reduce their level in the diet.